Архитектура Строительство_Ин Яз

the danger of flooding, work on the control of the Danube was started (1870-1875). The construction of road and railway bridges over the river made it easier to reach the settlements on the left bank of the Danube. With the incorporation of District X in 1874, Vienna oufgrew ifs old defence system. The city's inhabitants began moving outwards, and some suburbs were developed as summerresorts. The urbanization of the suburbs led in turn to a second extension of the capital in 1892, whereby, the city grew to three times its previous area and consisted of 19 districts. The number of inhabitants increased to 1,341,897. The expansion made it possible for the capital on the Danube to grow into a metropolis of European rank. The implementation of the resolution is linked with the name of Dr Karl Lueger.

Public utility projects included the city gasworks (1899), municipalization of the horse-tram services (1897) and tram electrification (1902). The building of a second spring-water conduit-system (1900-10) extended the mains water supply to the suburbs. In 1904 the capital succeeded in annexing the village,of Floridsdorf on the left bank of the Danube, despite a rival plan to make it the provincial capital of Lower Austria. This. opened up further prospects for expansion on the far side of the river. In 1905 a green belt was established around the city. Already in 1893 Vienna had been zoned according to land use (residential, industrial, etc.) under powers accorded by an act in 1883. At the same time building heights had been set for each area of the city. Now the regulations were also applied to the suburbs. A competition was conducted for the implementation of a general development plan based on the newly determined zones and the acts passed. In the course of this procedure widespread disputes arose over the old city. One party demanded that it should be radically reconstructed, as the centre of Paris had been. The other wished it to be as a historic monument. In the end, the old city was saved by the absence of an Expropriation Act, and only minor transformations were carried out in its area.

In 1892 a commission was formed to deal with transport problems, among them with the building of a municipal electric railway. Implementation was put in the hands of Otto Wagner, who fought for, and attained, the partial covering over of the River Wien.

When the First World War ended in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed. Vienna became the capital of the Austrian Republic and in 1922 an independent federal province within it. Its extensive growth was arrested by the loss of its role as imperial capital. With the introduction of universal suffrage for the election of the city council in 1919 the Social Democrats obtained an absolute majority which, with the exception of the years of Austrian fascism and national socialism (1934-1945), they have retained to this day.

Perhaps no other city's public administration attracted the attention of the world to such an extent as Vienna's during the 1920s. The most important changes in architecture and town planning were brought about by the launching of a communal housing project. The purchase of certain large areas of land brought lasting changes to the city's structure. An example was the building of the huge communal housing estate along the Margareten-glirtel, stretching as far as Ebersdorf, in the 1920s. The most important project of the time, the Karl-Marx- Hof in Heiligenstadt, was built on vacant land and for a long time regarded as a

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model for public housing. Between 1919 and 1934 a total of 337 housing estates containing more than 63,000 flats were built. At first the pupils of Otto Wagner had a decisive say in their planning. For several reasons they deliberately refrained from adding new suburbs. Between 1934 and 1938 housing construction was suspended, but important roads and bridges were built, among them the mountain roads in the neighbourhood of the Vienna Woods. The national socialist city development project of 1938, parts of which were reversed in 1946-54, was a reaction to the further growth of the built-up area around the city.

Although after the Second World War housing construction continued with unchanged intensity in a series of building, country planning and reconstruction projects, the character of these activities and indeed of the whole period was determined by the need to meet the new economic and transport demands, rather than by housing problems. However, new housing estates, partly of a suburban character, were built, mainly in the southern part of the city and in the areas beyond the Danube, while around the perimeters large industrial and trading estates were established. This led to a separation of the residential and industrial zones, but at the same time improved the supply position. Local and inter-urban communications were facilitated by the construction of transport means, express lines and motorways. More recently the development of pedestrian zones has given a new aspect to certain outer areas of the city, as traffic has been diverted from the city centre. Since 1979 Vienna is the third headquarters of the United Nations Organisation.

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Библиографический список

1.О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова, Английский язык для строителей. Ростов-на-Дону, Феникс, 2004

2.Nicolaus Pevsner. A History of Building Types. The USA, Princeton University Press. Thames & Hudson, 1997

3.Patrick Nuttgens. The Story of Architecture. London, Phaidon Press Limited, 1997

4.Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture

5.The Oxford – Duden English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1985

6.Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002 Deluxe Edition

7.Е.Н. Безручко. Английский для архитекторов. Пособие по английскому языку для студентов архитектурных специальностей вузов. – Ростов н/Д: Издательский центр «МарТ», 2002г.

8.англо-русский политехнический словарь. Под ред. А.Е. Чернухина. –

М., 1976г.

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