Types of lathes

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

rotary |' routari| — вращательный, ротационный

reciprocating [ri ' siprakeitii}] — возвратно-поступательный

hard [ha: d] — прочный

correct [ka'rekt] — точный, правильный

heat [hi : t] — жара, тепловой

dissipation [, disi 'peijan] — рассеивание

in considering [кэп' sidarirj] — учитывая, относительно

feed [f i : d] — подача

thread [Gred] — резьба, нарезка, ход

bench [bentj] — верстак

swing [swii]) — максимальное отклонение стрелки (прибора)

capacity [ka'passiti] — мощность, нагрузка, производительность

headstock ['hedstok] — передняя бабка

cone [koun] — конусообразный

pulley ['puli] — ролик, барабан

drive [draiv] — ведущий шкив

step [ step] — ход (спирали)

gear [gia] — шестерня, зубчатая передача, привод

shaper jj'eipo] — поперечно-строгательный станок

flexible [' fleksabl] — гибкий, гнущийся

complementing [' komplimentiij] — укомплектовывая, дополняя

straight-line [' streit ' lain] — прямолинейный

to flat [' f last] — делать ровным, плоским

attachment [a'taetfmant] — приспособление

device [di'vais] — устройство, прибор

key-way [' ki : wei] — шпоночная канавка

groove [gru: v] — канавка, паз

rack [' reek] — рейка

dovetail ['dwteil] — ласточкин хвост, лапа, шип slot [slot] — паз, отверстие, прорез planer ['pleina] — строгальный станок stationary ['steifnari] — неподвижный, стационарный single-edged ['siqgl 'ed3d] — однокромкий

honing [houniij] — вытачивание lapping [' laepir)] — шлифование super-finishing ['sju:pa ' f inij’iijl — отделка

Word combinations for connected reading:

to work on either reciprocating or rotary type principle — работать либо на возвратно-поступательном, либо на вращательном принципе a large range of — много

the correct cutting angle — точный угол резания

heat dissipation — рассеивание тепла

to cut thread — нарезать резьбу

the bench lathe — настольный столик

to be equipped — оборудовать

to have a reciprocating cutting tool — иметь возвратно-поступательный режущий инструмент to remove metal — снять металл

TEXT

All the machine-tools operate on either a reciprocating orrotary type principle; either the tool or work reciprocates or rotates. Cutting tools must behard. A tool must also have thecorrect cutting angle, and the correct speed to cut satis-factorily.Heat dissipation is another factorin considering the correct speed. The engine lathe hasa large range of spindle revolutions and offeeds, and it can cutthreads. Thebench lathe is adapted to small work, having a maximumswing capacity of 9 inches.

All lathes receive their power through the headstock which may be equipped either with astep-cone pulley drive or a geared-head drive.

The shaper is aflexible machine in many respectscom-plementing the lathe in the work it performs. It has a reciprocating cutting tool, which takes astraight-line cut. It can produceflat surfaces, and by means of special tools,attachments, anddevices for holding the work, a shaper can also cut external and internalkey-ways, spiralgrooves, gear racks, dovetails, Tslots and other shapes. Theplaner, a much larger and heavier machine than the shaper, is designed to remove metal by moving the work in a straight line against astationary single-edged cutting tool. Special machine-tools are used forhoning, lapping andsuper-finishing.

Exercise 1.1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

to be used for honing, lapping and super-finishing; to receive their power through the headstock; to work on either reciprocating or rotary type principle; cutting tools; a flexible machine; to remove metal; the bench lathe is adapted to small works; to be equipped with; to produce flat surfaces; to cut external and internal key-ways; spiral grooves and so on.

настольный токарный станок приспособлен для маленьких деталей; нарезать внешние и внутренние шпоночные пазы; спи­ральные канавки и т.д.; работать либо на возвратно-поступатель­ном или вращательном принципе; оборудован; снять (удалить) металл; использовать для вытачивания, шлифования и конечной отделки; производить (обрабатывать) плоские поверхности; ре­жущие инструменты; получить энергию через переднюю бабку; гибкий (универсальный) станок.

Exercise 1.2. Answer the questions:

1. What type principle do all the machine-tools operate on?

2. What must cutting tools be?

3. What must a tool have to cut satisfactory?

4. What can the engine lathe to cut?

5. What is the bench lathe adapted to?

6. What do all lathes receive their power through?

7. What is the shaper?

8. What can a shaper produce?

9. What is a planer?

10. What are special machine-tools used for?

Exercise 1.3. Find the correct statements:

1. All the machine-tools operate on...

1. only a reciprocating principle;

2. only a rotary principle;

3. either a reciprocating or rotary type principle.

2. Cutting tools must be...

1. flexible;

2. large;

3. hard.

3. The bench lathe is adapted to...

1. huge work;

2. only round work;

3. small work.

4. All lathes receive their power through...

1. bed-stock;

2. the work;

3. the headstock.

5. The shaper is...

1. a nonflexible machine;

2. a flexible machine.

6. Special machine-tools are used for...

1. cutting only metal;

2. removing only metal;

3. honing, lapping and super-finishing.

Exercise 1.4. Complete the sentences using the appropriate variants:

1. A tool must also have ..., and ... to cut satisfactorily.

2. ... is another factor in considering the correct speed.

3. The bench lathe ... to small work.

4. All lathes receive their power through ...

5. The shaper is ... in many respects complementing ... in the work it performs.

Heat dissipation; the headstock, a flexible machine, the correct cutting angle; the correct speed; is adopted; the lathe.

Exercise 1.5. Translate into English:

1. Токарный станок все еще самый главный станок.

2. Резец может двигаться как вдоль станины, так и под пря­мым углом.

3. Режущие инструменты должны быть прочными.

4. Специальные станки используются для вытачивания, шли­фования и отделки.

5. Поперечно-строгальный станок является гибким станком, во многом дополняющим токарный станок в его работе.

6. Поперечно-строгальный станок имеет возвратно-поступа­тельный режущий инструмент, который выполняет пря­молинейное резание.

24. Text ВTHE MAIN TYPES OF MODERN LATHES

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

tool [tu: 1] — режущий инструмент, резец, станок, орудие work [wa: k] — обрабатываемая деталь (заготовка) to insert [in' s9: t] — вставлять to remove [ri 'mu: v] — перемещать to mount ['maunt] — устанавливать, монтировать turret ['tArit] — револьверная головка (станка) carriage [' kaerid3] — каретка (станка) gauge [geid3] — масштаб, калибр, размер travel [' traevl] — длина хода (стола станка), подача, ход cross-slide [' kros slaid] — скользящая часть механизма, суппорт, салазки

bored [bo: d] — высверленное

length [leg 9] — длина

screw [skru: ] — винт, болт, шуруп, гайка

nut [rut] — гайка (муфта)

washer [' wojo] — шайба, прокладка

pin [pin] — палец, болт, штифт, шплинт

collar [' kola] — втулка, сальник, петля, шайба, обруч

locating [lou' keitii]] — располагающиеся

successive [sok'sesiv] — последующий, последовательный

feed [f i :d] — подача

stock [stok] — бабка (станка), припуск

similar ['similo] — подобный, похожий, однородный

series [' siori: z] — ряд, серия

to rotate [rou'teit] — вращать(ся), чередовать(ся), сменять(ся) predetermined [, pri : di ' to: mind] — заданный, заранее установлен­ный

spindle [spindl] — шпиндель

Word combinations for connected reading:

turret lathe — револьверный станок mounted upon a carriage — установленный на каретке indexing or rotating — периодический поворот или вращение детали или части станка на определенный угол the work must be inserted and removed — деталь должны вставлять и перемещать the original field — первоначальное применение characteristic features — характерные особенности automatically locating successive tools — автоматическое последова­тельное расположение (резцов) режущего инструмента the presenting of new stock to the tools — подача нового исходного сырья к резцам

the automatic changing of feed and speed — автоматическое изменение самоходной подачи станка и скорости

TEXT

The automatic lathe is so designed that all of the tool movements are automatically controlled, although thework must beinserted andremoved by an attendant.

Turret Lathe. — The characteristic feature of a turret lathe is the turret which ismounted upon a carriage and contains the tools which are successively brought into the working position by indexing or rotating theturret. Many turret lathes also have systems of stops orgauges for controlling thetravel of the turretcarriage andcross-slide, in order to regulate the depth of abored hole, thelength of a cylindrical part or its diameter.

Automatic Screw Machine. — The original field of the automaticscrew machine was the making of screws. This field was quickly enlarged to include the making of all kinds of smallnuts, washers, pins, collars, etc., and at the present time, machines of this class are capable of a great variety of operations. Characteristic features of screw machines in general are means for automaticallylocating successive tools in the correct working position, the automatic changing offeeds and speeds and the presenting of newstock to the tools for asimilar series of operations. These various movements, which are entirely automatic, are obtained principally from cams which arerotated atpredetermined speeds. There are two general classes of screw machines: a single work-spindle and several work-spindles — usually four, five or six spindles.

Exercise 1.1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

the original field of the automatic screw machine; the work must be inserted and removed; in order to regulate the depth of a bored hole; mounted upon a carriage; turret lathes; indexing or rotating; means for automatically locating successive tools.

чтобы регулировать глубину просверленного отверстия; пер­воначальное применение автоматического винторезного станка;

револьверные станки; средства для автоматически последователь­ного расположения резцов; деталь должны вставлять и переме­щать; установленный на каретке; периодический поворот или вращение детали или части станка на определенный угол.

Exercise 1.2. Answer the questions:

1. How is the automatic lathe designed?

2. What is the characteristic feature of a turret lathe?

3. What does the turret contain?

4. What does the system of stops or gauges of many turret lathes serve for?

5. What was the original field of the automatic screw machine?

6. What are characteristic features of screw machines in general?

7. What are the two general classes of screw machines?

Exercise 1.3. Find the correct statements:

1. The characteristic feature of a turret lathe is...

1. the carriage;

2. the work;

3. the turret.

2. Many turret lathes also have a system of stops or gauges for controlling the travel of the turret carriage and cross-slide to regulate ...

1. the width [wida] (ширина);

2. the exactness;

3. the depth of a bored hole.

3. The original field of the automatic screw machine was the making of...

1. hammers;

2. screw-drivers;

3. screws.

Exercise 1.4. Complete the sentences:

1. The original field of... was the making of screws.

2. This field was quickly enlarged to ...

3. ... are means for automatically locating successive tools in the correct working position, ...

4. There are two general classes of screw machines: ...

Exercise 1.5. Translate the word combinations into English:

1. револьверный станок;

2. автоматическое изменение самоходной подачи станка и скорости;

3. автоматически последовательное расположение (резцов) режущего инструмента;

4. первоначальное применение;

5. подача нового исходного сырья к резцам;

6. периодический поворот или вращение детали или части станка на определенный угол;

7. установленный на каретке;

8. деталь должны вставлять и перемещать;

9. чтобы регулировать глубину просверливаемого отверстия;

10. в правильном рабочем режиме (положении);

11. которые вращаются на заранее установленной скорости.

24. Text В THREADS

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

thread [' 0red] — резьба

to transmit [traenz 'mit] — передавать

external [iks'taml] — внешний

internal [in't3:nal] — внутренний

screw [skru: ] — винт

upward [' Apwad] — вверх

die [dai] — плашка, штамп

carbon [' ka: ban] — карбонадо(черный алмаз)

tap [teep] — метчик

hole [houl] — отверстие

tapping [' taepir)] — нарезание резьбы метчиком lapping [' lsepii}] — притирка chaser [' tjeiza] — резьбовой резец design [di' zain] — конструкция

TEXT

Threads are one of the commonest elements of mecha-nical engineering. They serve both to join parts together and totransmit motion. Threads may beexternal andin-ternal. When thread is seen from the side, the thread of a right-handscrew will advanceupward from the left to the right. For left-hand screws the thread will advance upward from the right to the left.

Small size external thread may be cut with a die. Dies are made of eithercarbon or high-speed steel. Internal thread of small size is cut with atap. Small thread is usually tapped immediately after drilling thehole for the thread. For large size thread, the hole is bored to the required diameter fortapping after drilling. The diameter of the hole for tapping is very important; it should be somewhat larger than the minor diameter of the thread. The diameter of holes forlapping may be found in a handbook.

The most common method for cutting threads in a lathe is with threading tools. External and internal threads may also be cut with chasers.

It is absolutely necessary to use cutting oil in thread cutting operations.

Skilled lathe operators considerably increase producti-vity in thread cutting by improving the design of thread-ing tools, by increasing the cutting speed, and by decreas-ing the number of passes.

Exercise 1.1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

to join parts; made of high-speed steel; drilling the hole; for cutting thread; may be cut with chasers; to increase productivity in thread cutting; by decreasing the number of passes; the diameter of the thread; the hole is bored to the required diameter.

увеличить производительность в нарезке резьбы; отверстие высверливается до необходимого диаметра; соединять детали; для нарезки резьбы; уменьшением количества оборотов (ходов); диаметр резьбы; сверление отверстия; можно нарезать резьбовыми резцами; изготовлены из закаленной стали.

Exercise 1.2. Answer the questions:

1. What purposes do the threads serve to?

2. What types of threads do you know?

3. How may small size external thread be cut?

4. How is small size internal thread cut?

5. What should the diameter of the hole be for tapping?

6. How is small thread tapped?

7. What is the most common method for cutting threads?

8. What tools are to cut external and internal threads used?

9. How can lathe operators increase thread cutting productivity?

Exercise 1.3. Complete the sentences choosing one of the appropriate variants:

1. Threads serve to join ... together.

1. screws;

2. workpieces;

3. holes.

2. Small size external thread may be cut with a ...

1. tap;

2. chaser;

3. die.

3. The diameter of the hole for tapping should be ...

1. smaller than the minor diameter of the thread;

2. larger than the minor diameter of the thread;

3. of required diameter for tapping after drilling.

4. The most common method for cutting threads is with ...

1. a die;

2. a tap;

3. threading tools.

5. It is necessary to use ... in thread cutting operations.

1. cutting oil;

2. cutters;

3. carbons.

Exercise 1.4. Find the true statements from the text:

1. Small thread is tapped after boring the hole for the thread.

2. External and internal threads are cut with threading tools.

3. The hole for large size thread is drilled after boring.

4. Internal thread of small size is cut with a tap.

Exercise 1.5. Translate into English:

1. Резьба служит для соединения деталей.

2. Диаметр отверстия для нарезки резьбы должен быть больше, чем диаметр резьбы.

3. Резьбу нарезают специальными инструментами для нарезки резьбы.

4. Резьбовыми резцами можно нарезать как внутреннюю, так и внешнюю резьбу.

5. Внутреннюю резьбу нарезают метчиком.

6. Наружную резьбу нарезают с помощью штампа.

7. Штампы изготовлены из закаленной стали.

8. Необходимо увеличить скорость нарезки резьбы и конст­рукцию резьбовых резцов.