- •Stylistics and its Subdivisions
- •Process of reading is decoding
- •Expressive Means (em) and Stylistic Devices (sd)
- •The philological circle (the circle of understanding) – l Spitzer
- •Synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;
- •Seminar 1 General problems of stylistics Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •1.1. Dictionary definitions of style
- •1.2. Style in literary criticism and reviews of books
- •1.3. Raymond Queneau's Exercises in Style
- •Recommended literature:
- •2.1. The phonetic level of stylistic analysis
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Questions and tasks
- •Sound instrumentation
- •Alliteration Assonance Onomatopoeia
- •2.2. Graphic Expressive Means An Outline
- •2.3. Morphological Level of Stylistic Analysis An Outline
- •Seminar 2 Phonographic and morphemic expressive means Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Logical 2. Nominal 3. Emotive meanings.
- •Classification of the semantic structure according to Leningrad school of stylistics: Semantic structure of a word (Prof. I.V.Arnold) consists of denotative and connotative meanings.
- •Semantic structure of words (Prof. Arnold)
- •Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
- •Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •E.G. I must decline to pursue this painful discussion. It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is repugnant to my feelings. (d) “My children, my defrauded, swindled infants!” cried Mr. Renvings. (d)
- •Seminar 3 Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary Questions and tasks
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •The lexical thesaurus of the poetic text
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Unit 4 Stylistic Phraseology An Outline
- •Seminar 4 Stylistic Phraseology Questions and tasks
- •Red herring
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Units 5-7 Stylistic semasiology An Outline
- •Expressing the emotive and evaluative attitude of the writer towards the object described: ”The Peacelike Mongoose” (j.Thurber)
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (I.R.Galperin)
- •I. The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning
- •1. Interaction of Dictionary and Contextual Logical Meaning
- •2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
- •3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meaning
- •Classification of Epithets
- •4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meaning
- •II. Intensification of a Feature (Lexico-Syntactical sd in V.A. Kukharenko’s classification)
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (lsd)
- •Syntactical sd (ssd) – I.R.Galperin
- •The Types of Repetition on the Syntactical Level
- •Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices (lssd) (V.A.Kucharenko)
- •1) Analogy::recurrence (Simile, Climax, Periphrasis)
- •2) Contrast::recurrence (Anticlimax, Antithesis, Litotes)
- •1) Evokes fresh images;
- •2) Reveals the author’s attitude, when it is original (fresh).
- •Antithesis,
- •Anticlimax
- •Litotes
- •Seminar 5 Lexical Level of Stylistic Analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Seminar 6 syntactical level of stylistic analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Supplement
- •V. A raison de coeur
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 8 Stylistic grammar An Outline
- •Stylistic functions of articles
- •Stylistic transposition of pronouns
- •Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison
- •Stylistic functions of verbal categories
- •Seminar 8 Stylistic grammar Questions and tasks
- •Units 9-10 Functional stylistics An Outline
- •Functional styles, general characteristics, different classifications of functional styles.
- •Functional Styles of the English Language
- •F unctional Styles (y.M.Screbnev)
- •Literary colloquial
- •Familiar colloquial
- •I.V. Arnold
- •Functional Styles (I.R.G.)
- •Classification of Functional Styles of the English Language (I.R.Galperin)
- •The Problem of Colloquial Style
- •The Publicist Style, its Substyles, and their Peculiarities
- •The Newspaper fs, its Substyles and their Peculiarities
- •Formulative
- •1) Rigour and precision:
- •2) Impersonality: Passive Voice constructions
- •3) Logical sequence of utterances is achieved through:
- •The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language
- •It is characterized by special business terminology:
- •Informal functional styles:
- •Seminars 9-10 functional styles Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 11 types of narration and compositional terms An outline
- •Stylistic functions of the author’s narrative:
- •Seminar 11 types of narration Questions and tasks
- •Seminar 12 stylistics of the text Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Suggested schemes for stylistic analyses
- •The general scheme of linguo-stylistic analysis
- •Examination Questions and Problems
- •Assignments for stylistic analysis
- •Bibliography
2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
There are special SDs which make a word materialize distinct dictionary meanings. They are zeugma and the pun. Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being on the one hand literal, and on the other, transferred. E.g. Dora, plunging at once into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room.
Zeugma is a strong and effective device to maintain the purity of the primary meaning when two meanings clash.
The pun is another S.D. based on the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or a phrase. It is difficult to draw a hard and fast distinction between zeugma and pun. The only reliable distinguishing feature is a structural one: zeugma is the realization of two semantically different meanings of grammatically homogeneous members with the help of a verb which is made to refer to different subjects or objects (direct and indirect). “Killing time with a book was not much better than killing pheasants and time with a gun.”
The pun (play on words) is based on simultaneous realization of two meanings of a polysemantic word or the usage of two homonyms in the same context:
- Have you ever seen him at the bar?
- Thousand times. He was a drunkard.
The pun is more independent. Like any S.D. it must depend on a context. But the context may be of a more extended character, sometimes even as large as a whole work of emotive prose.
- Did you miss my lecture?
- Not at all.
Pun seems to be more varied and resembles zeugma in its humorous effect only.
Semantically false chain is a variety of zeugma consisting of a number of homogeneous members, semantically disconnected, but attached to the same verb. It is based on the effect of defeated expectancy and produces a humorous effect.
Ex.: “Babbitt respected bigness in anything: in mountains, jewels, muscles, wealth of words”. (S.L.)
3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meaning
Interjections and Exclamatory Words. Interjections are words we use when we express our feelings strongly and which may be said to exist in language as conventional symbols of human emotions. In traditional grammars the interjection is regarded as a part of speech. But there is another view which regards the interjection as a sentence.
However a close investigation proves that interjection is a word with strong emotive meaning. E.g. Oh, where are you going to, all you Big Steamers?
The interjection oh, by itself may express various feelings such as regret, despair, disappointment, sorrow, surprise and many others. Interjections can be divided into primary and derivative. Primary interjections are generally devoid of any logical meaning. Interjections such as: Heavens! Good gracious! God knows! Bless me! are exclamatory words generally used as interjections. It must be noted that some adjectives and adverbs can also take on the function of interjections - such as Terrible! Awfully! Great! Wonderful! Splendid! These adjectives acquire strong emotional colouring and are equal in force to interjections.
Epithet: a word (a group of words) carrying an expressive (emotive) characterization of an object described: “Full many a glorious morning have I seen..."(Sh.)
The epithet is based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some of the properties or features of the object with the aim of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features or properties.