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One of the hallmarks of Greek Civilization was the polis, or city-state. The city-states were small, independent communities which were male-dominated and bound together by race. What this means is that membership in the polis was hereditary and could not be passed on to someone outside the citizen family. The citizens of any given polis were an elite group of people – slaves, peasants, women and resident aliens were not part of the body of citizens.

Originally the polis referred to a defensible area to which farmers of a particular area could retreat in the event of an attack. The Acropolis in Athens is one such example. Over time, towns grew around these defensible areas. The growth of these towns was unplanned and they were not placed for commercial convenience near rivers or seas. In fact, the poleis were situated well inland to avoid raids by sea. With time, the agora or marketplace began to appear within the polis. The agora was not only a marketplace but the heart of Greek intellectual life and discourse.

The scale of the polis was indeed small. When the philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) came to discuss the origins of the polis in his book “Politics” in the early 4^th century B.C. he suggested that "it is necessary for the citizens to be of such a number that they knew each other's personal qualities and thus can elect their officials and judge their fellows in a court of law sensibly." Before Aristotle, Plato fixed the number of citizens in an ideal state at 5040 adult males. For Plato (c.427-c.347 B.C.), as it was for Aristotle, the one true criteria of the size of the polis was that all the citizens know one another. The issue at stake here is between public and private worlds. The ancient Greeks did not really see two distinct worlds in the lives of the citizenry. Instead, the public world was to be joined with the private world.

The citizens in any given polis were related to one another by blood and so family ties were very strong. As boys, they grew up together in schools, and as men, they served side by side during times of war. They debated one another in public assemblies – they elected one another as magistrates – they cast their votes as jurors for or against their fellow citizens. In such a society – the society of the polis – all citizens were intimately and directly involved in politics, justice, military service, religious ceremonies, intellectual discussion, athletics and artistic pursuits. To shirk one's responsibilities was not only rare but reprehensible in the eyes of the Greek citizen. Greek citizens did not have rights, but duties. A citizen who did not fulfill his duties was socially disruptive. At the polis of Sparta, such a citizen was called "an Inferior." At Athens, a citizen who held no official position or who was not a habitual orator in the Assembly was branded as idiotai.

Every polis was different from another. For example, some poleis had different names for the months of the year. Although there were similarities and differences between the city-states, they all made the effort to preserve their own unique identity. What we call the ancient Greek world was really hundreds of independent city-states or poleis. No one polis was a replica of another. Those who lived within the confines of a city state considered everyone else to be inferior. Furthermore, those people who did not speak Greek were referred to as barbar, the root of our word barbarian.

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:

1) What is a city-state?

2) Who were and who were not the citizens of a polis?

3) What era did the polis originally refer to?

4) What was “the heart” of intellectual life in the polis?

5) What, in Plato’s opinion, the number of citizens had to be?

6) What was a citizen who didn’t fulfill his duties called at the polis of Sparta?

7) Were poleis similar to each other?

Ex. 2. Match the words with their definitions:

Peasant (n)	a city-state of ancient Greece
polis (n)	one of a body of persons sworn to deliver a verdict in a legal case submitted to them
shirk (v)	lawfulness, governmental judiciary department
intellectual (adj)	to select for an office by vote or designation
juror (n)	without a like or equal, single in its kind
unique (adj)	a countryman engaged in working on the land as a small farmer
elect (v)	relating to the exercise of mental faculties, engaged in creative thinking
justice (n)	to avoid an obligation or performance of duty

Ex. 3. Choose the word from A, B, C or D that best keeps the meaning of the original sentences below if substituted for the underlined word or phrase:

1) One of the hallmarks of Greek Civilization was the polis, or city-state

A) symbol C) mark

B) objective D) label

2) Originally the polis referred to a defensible area to which farmers could retreat in the event of an attack.

A) go forward C) escape

B) move D) pass

3)To shirk one's responsibilities was not only rare but reprehensible in the eyes of the Greek citizen.

A) innocent C) blameworthy

B) excellent D) trustworthy

4) A citizen who was not a habitual orator in the Assembly was called as idiotai.

A) unusual C) former

B) customary D) further

5) No one polis was a replica of another.

A) reduplication C) fax message

B) twin D) copy

Ex. 4. Read the passage below and answer which of the following is not true?

Athens and Sparta were the most advanced Greek cities of the Hellenic period (750-338 B.C.). Both had a city-state type of government, and both took slaves from peoples they conquered. However, the differences outweigh the similarities in these two ancient civilizations. Sparta was hostile, warlike (constantly fighting the neighboring cities), and military, while Athens catered more toward the democratic and cultural way of life. The latter city left its mark in the fields of art, literature, philosophy and science, while the former passed on its totalitarianism and superior military traditions. The present system of a well-rounded education is based on the ancient Athenian idea. The Spartan system, on the other hand, was concerned only with military education.

A) Both cities had city-state types of government.

B) Both cities took slaves.

C) Both cities were advanced, but in different areas.

D) Both cities developed a well-rounded education.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Города-государства представляли собой небольшие сообщества.

2. Членство в полисе передавалось по наследству.

3. Гражданами полисов являлись лишь элитные группы людей, а рабы и крестьяне не входили в состав гражданского населения.

4. Структура полиса предусматривала защиту от вражеских нападений. Со временем вокруг полисов стали складываться города.

5. Центром интеллектуальной жизни городов стала Агора, которая изначально была торговой площадью.

6. Жители полисов были связаны крепкими семейными узами, участвовали в политической, интеллектуальной и спортивной жизни.

7. Уклонение от своих гражданских обязанностей считалось социально опасным явлением.

8. Ни один древнегреческий полис не был похож на другой.

Ex. 6. Role – play: “Elect a magistrate!”

Work in pairs. Each of you is a habitual orator in the Public Assembly. Elect one another a magistrate and prove your choice. Use the active vocabulary from the text.