- •Isbn 978-5-7487-1437-2 ббк 81.2Англ.Я7
- •Методическая записка
- •Rendering a Scientific Paper
- •Discussing an Article Starting the Сonversation
- •Discussing the Contents
- •Making things clear
- •Impressions
- •Bioinformatics
- •Biological engineering
- •Bioprocess technology
- •Biotechnology - solution or problem?
- •Branches of biotecnology
- •Cell factories
- •Divisions of biotechnology
- •Elements
- •Genetic engineering technology
- •Modern biotechnology
- •Overview and brief history of biotechnology
- •The definition of biotechnology
- •What is biotechnology?
- •What is the biotech project?
- •Pharmaceutical products
- •Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals
- •Vitamin
- •Chemical industry
- •Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process
- •Food industry
- •Aspirin
- •Glucose
- •Citric acid
- •Metamizole sodium
- •Ratiopharm
- •Sanofi-aventis
- •Novartis international ag
- •Menarini
- •Merck serono
- •Факультет высшего сестринского образования definition and aims of nursing
- •Documentation of the nursing process
- •From the history of nursing in the usa
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing education in russia
- •Nursing education in the united states
- •Nursing process: four major steps
- •Nursing theory
- •Pain management: non-pharmacological nursing interventions
- •Pressure sores: definition, etiology, prevention and treatment
- •Professional nurses associations
- •Qualities of the caring helper
- •The mission of nursing. Major functions of the nurse
- •Факультет клинической психологии cognitive-behavior therapy
- •Emotion
- •Classification
- •Theories of emotions
- •Neurobiological theories
- •Psychotherapy
- •Emphasizing stress
- •Progressive relaxation
- •Факультет медико-профилактического дела air pollution and health problems
- •Bubonic plaque
- •Classifying water pollution
- •Malaria in russia
- •Ecological problems nowadays
- •Hygiene promotion
- •Keeping fit
- •Pollution control
- •Protect yourself from foodborne illness
- •Russia major infectious diseases
- •Russia water quality
- •Smoking
- •The effects of acid rain
- •Water supply systems
- •World health organization
- •Лечебный и педиатрический факультеты
- •Раздел 1. Учеба на педиатрическом факультете. Педиатрия – моя будущая специальность. Личностные и профессиональные качества детского врача
- •I study at the pediatric faculty
- •The kursk state medical university
- •Becoming a pediatrician
- •Раздел 2. Из истории педиатрии. Современные проблемы педиатрии overview of pediatrics
- •Scope and history of pediatrics
- •Pediatrics
- •Growth of specialization
- •Pediatrics as a science
- •Doctor spock
- •Раздел 3. Рост и развитие ребенка. Педиатрическое обследование и лечение. Общение с больным ребенком
- •Unique character of the pediatric clinical evaluation
- •Guidelines for evaluation
- •Some notions of therapeutics
- •Talking with children
- •Chronic illness in childhood
- •Hospital of the future
- •Факультет социальной работы aspects of social service in russia
- •Clinical social work
- •Definitions
- •Epidemiology
- •Rehabilitation process
- •Rehabilitation team
- •Rehabilitation social worker
- •Personnel needs
- •Developmental stages: psychosocial implications
- •Discharge planning
- •Quality assurance and program evaluation
- •Future implications
- •System of social service of the population
- •The poverty problem
- •Eighty is the new fifty
- •Children of the quake: single kids and orphans
- •Suffer, the children
- •A case of euro envy
- •Dinner for eight
- •Not yet on the medal stand
- •Working with children and their parents
- •Стоматологический факультет temporomandibular joints
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Bruxism
- •Biofeedback
- •Dietary supplements
- •Dental surgery
- •Electric toothbrush
- •Visual Stimuli
- •Orthodontic headgear
- •Pedodontics
- •Early toothpastes
- •Tooth powder
- •Dentistry in the united kingdom
- •Лечебный факультет и факультет экономики и управления здравоохранением activities of who
- •Management is art or science?
- •Evolution of marketing
- •Health and safety advice for russia Health Advice & Necessary Vaccinations.
- •Health system
- •International marketing
- •Culture
- •Political and legal factors
- •Level of economic development
- •Medicine, public health and human rights in russian federation
- •Organizational orientation
- •Principles of the management
- •Recruitment
- •Practical application: Designing a curriculum vitae or resume
- •An example of Curriculum Vitae
- •4 Skills
- •5 Activities
- •6 References
- •The letter of application
- •Russian health system
- •Содержание
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
The definition of biotechnology
The definition of biotechnology varies, but a simple definition is the use of organisms by man. One example of biotechnology is cloning. We have been cloning plants for centuries. Each time a leaf is excised from a violet plant and placed in soil to grow a new plant, cloning has occurred. Today, we are not only doing the physical manipulation at the visual level but also on the molecular level. In modern or molecular biotechnology, we physically select the desired characteristic at the molecular level and add it to the organism's genetic makeup.
Biotechnology is the science for this century. With its advances, we are on the first part of a great journey. Humans have expanded their understanding of the biosphere by journeying into space and exploring the depths of the ocean. We have not only been able to look at the surrounding universe and the depths below with the advancement of tools and techniques, but we also have been able to live there. The advancement tools and techniques is now allowing us to look at the universe of atoms. Biotechnology is utilizing the sciences of biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computers, and information technology to develop tools and products that hold great promise and concern. Humans have always been "manipulating" organisms to their advantage, but now we are able to manipulate life and materials at the atomic level through nanotechnology.
The two schools of thought about what biotechnology is can elicit much debate. Both use organisms to help man. Whereas modern biotechnology manipulates the genes of organisms and inserts them into other organisms to acquire the desired trait, traditional biotechnology uses the processes of organisms, such as fermentation.
What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.
What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind many different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed.
In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring.
Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules. Cows can produce more milk for the same amount of feed. And we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that have never before existed.