Answer the following questions:

1. What does the structure of ordinary knitted fabric congiet of°

2. What is a loop?

3. What happens when the yarn breaks in any place of a knitted fabric?

4. What makes knitted fabric particularly suitable for underweni?

5. Due to what are knitted garments warmer than those made froir woven material?

6. What is the distinctive feature of the knitting machine?

7. What is the difference between machine and hand knitting?

8. What is the difference between circular and flat machines?

9. With what needles are circular and flat machines equipped?

10. What is the advantage of knitted fabrics?

Вариант IV

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Cloth Finishing

1.Cloth as it comes from the loom or other machine is unfinished herefore it must have special treatment or finishing before is ready for use. This finishing has definite purposes, the f one being to add attractiveness to the cloth. Very often however the kind of cloth and its use are determined by the way it finished. 2.Whether the cloth shall be made soft or stiff, dull or glossy,and so on, depends upon the finish applied and the materials used. In addition, fabrics are often given treatments that affect the final colouring and absorbency. Many fabrics are bleached. This may be done for the purpose of producing white fabrics or to prepare the fabric for later colouring. Cotton may be mercerized to additional lustre and absorbency and to produce clearer, brigh-colours. These preparatory treatments are important to the final colour and appearance of the fabric. Synthetics require no pretreatments except possibly bleaching.

3.The natural colours of textile fibres are seldom uniform and still more rarely pleasing to the eye. Textile workers name fabrics in the natural colour greys. If the natural greys were one uniform shade, they might be useful, but there are yellowish greys, bluish, reddish, greenish, and blackish greys. Uniformity of colouf, either plain or patterned, has always been regarded as a necessary quality in cloths. To obtain uniform white, we bleach; for a single and uniform colour we dye; for coloured patterns, we enter weave with yarns dyed in different colours, or print. 4.The most common cloth finishes are: I) bleaching 2).mercerizing 3) dyeing 4) printing 5) napping 6) waterproofing, etc., the four being the most important.

5.Dyeing is a process of giving a material a more or lees perma-colour by means of a dyestuff. By the term dyestuff or dye we mean any compound which can be fixed upon a fibre as a colour. Most of the dyeetuffs are synthetic dyes. That is why the dyer must by all means possess a good knowledge of chemistry. The principle of dyeing can be simply stated. The colouring substances are i with some liquid, usually water, in proper propotions. Into such mixture known as dye liquor, the undyed textile is placed; whereupon the cloth or yarn becomes soaked with the dye. The co­louring matter either fastens itself upon or combines with, the textile in more or less permanent fashion. This passing is caused by definite affinity or attraction between the dyes and the tex­tiles.

6. There are different means and methods of dyeing. Textiles are dyed in the form of loose textile fibre, in the yarn, in the wo­ven fabric or piece. Each method has special machinery designed for it. There is another method of applying colour textiles, it is printing. In printing colour is applied and fixed to cer­ tain parts in a definite design or figure.

7. The dyeetuffs used in both cases are the same except that they are applyed in printing in the form of a thick paste instead of

in form of a liquid, the methods of their application are entirely different.

8. In printing the cloth is run through a printing machine supplied with rollers, one for each colour to be printed on the fab­ric. These rollers engraved with the designs desired are running with constant speed and the cloth passing through them receives the impression of the design engraved in the proper colour or dye. The engraved rollers receive their colouring matter from troughs below or from inking rollers.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the chief purpose of finishing?

2. On what does softness, stiffness and lustre of the cloth depend?

3. What is the purpose of bleaching?

4.What is the purpose of mercerizing?

5.Name the most common cloth finishes?

6.What is dyeing?

7.What is meant by the term dyestuff?

8.What is known as the dye liquor?

9.What is printing?

10. What is the difference in the dyegtuffs used in both cases?

Вариант V

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New Methods for the Production of Fabrics Non-Woven Textiles

1. All the materials used in the manufacture of clothing are called texttles and are made of either long or short fibres.

These fibres can be felted together or made into a continuous thread or yarn and then woven or knitted. So from beginning to end in the production of felt, in the spinning of a very coarse thread or in the weaving of the finest silk cloth the whole process of tile manufacture consists of the combination of fibre with fibre.

2. No material is more common in the world than fibre; it is the m of all vegetable and most animal substances. Flesh is fibre; n is fibre; muscles are bundles of fibres; leaves, flowers, ts, stems of grass, bark and wood of treee are all fibres.

3. Principle fibres now in use - wool, silk, cotton, flax - have to ue from prehistoric times and are natural fibres. Today numerous chemical fibres are being introduced. These fibres are made by man and are therefore called man-made fibres. Chemical fibres are the achievement of the development of science of the 2Oth century.

4. According to their origin the fibres may be divided into vegetable fibres (cotton, flax), fibres of animal origin (wool, silk), and chemical or man-made fibres (rayon, capron, nylon etc.).

5.Weaving and knitting are conventional methods for the production of fabric which require the textile material to be spun into treads first. Besides, various preparatory operations especially in weaving are necessary before yarns can be woven or knitted into fabrics, knitted goods or hosiery. The modern techniques of ing are so highly developed that further increases in the efficency of the machines are hardly possible.

6. For this reason efforts have been made in all advanced industrial countries of the world, for many years, to develop new production methods with a view to reducing the number of operations, reasing the efficiency of the production equipment, and thus producing fabrics quicker and at reduced costs.

7. A great number of successful methods which will partly or wholly the spinning, weaving, and knitting methods, are already being applied today.

8. One of the revolutionary inventions ia that of unwoven fabrics. Costly spinning and weaving operations have been eliminated in making certain types of fabrics which are coming into greater use for special types of applications.

9. Non-woven fabrics are those in which a web of parallel, crosslaid, or randomly dispersed fibres ia held together by yarns and chemical filaments, by synthetic films and various chemical ther­ moplastic means through heat and pressure.

10. Advantages which make non-wovens so interesting include the following:

1. they are potentially a low-cost means of converting fibres to fabric;

2. they permit production of fabrics with an unusally wide range of properties, and uses;

3. non-woven techniques permit utilization of fibres which cannot be utilized by spinning methods (i.e., those below 1/2 in. long).

11. These techniques use textile fibres which are united into loosely coherent fleeces and then made into cloth. There are already fully automatic plants which take up the fibrous material at one end and turn out the fabric ready for being manufactured into clo­thing from the delivery end. The total processing time of theee plants is one hour only. This is a remarkable simplification and acceleration of production as compared with the conventional pro­cesses composed of separate cycles of operations (spinning, wea­ving or knitting).

Answer the following questions:

1. What materials are called textiles?

2. What fibres are natural?

3. How do we call chemical fibres?

4. What groups may fibree be divided into according to their origin'

5. tfhat are conventional methods for the production of fabric?

6. What is necessary before yarns can be woven or Knitted?

7. Why are new production methods developed? 8. What can you tell about non-woven fabrics?

9. What do advantages of non-wovens include?

10.Where are textile fibres made into cloth?

Контрольное задание № 4

для студентов экономических специальностей

Вариант I

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Forms of ownership

I. A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation.

2.The sole proprietorship is the simplest organizational form. The is one owner, who usually takes the title of president. He or she can make decisions without consulting anyone. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. More that 80 % of all businesses in the USA are sole proprietorships. They are service industries such as laundromats, beauty shope, different repair shops, restaurants.

3.A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit.When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liabilities they are limited partners. Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance, stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.

4.Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs a big capital or diversified management. They are easy to from and often get tax benefits from the government. But partnerhips have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability.It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legaly responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is partners may disagree with each other.

5. A business corporation is an institution established for the в of making profit. The shares of ownership are represented by strock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called stock-holder.

6. There are several advantages of the corporation. The first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large amount of capital it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. The third advantage is that a corporation can offer higher salaries and attract ta­lented managers and specialists.

7. The privately owned business corporation is one type of a corpo­ration. There are some other types too. Educational, religious, charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually such corpo­ration does not issue stock and is nonprofitable. If there is a profit it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders.