Grammar review and development
Assignment 14
Review the Grammar material «The Perfect Continuous Tense Form». Study the charts.
Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart.
The main patterns of the Perfect Continuous Tense Form are those presented in the sentences that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.
Present: since, ever since, for, these two days, how long, etc, Past: by (yesterday, last Friday, etc.), sequence of tenses, etc, Future: by (tomorrow, next week, etc.), etc. |
We have been studying economics for two years.
How long has he been doing accounting?
(Ever) since I saw you last, I have been working at the problem.
By 5 o 'clock yesterday, he had been preparing for the exam for about three hours.
He thought the government had been spending too much money since the recession started.
By the beginning of next month, she will have been looking for a job for two weeks.
When {by the time} you come to see us next month, we will have been working at the problem/or half a year.
They told us (that) when (by the time) we came to see them the next month, they would have been working at the problem/or half a year.
Assignment 15
Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.
Although the importance of industrial production (to fall) and that of services (to grow) for the last two decades, the United States remains the world's greatest maker of industrial goods. |
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How long the Northeast (to manufacture) computers? |
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He remarked that, for several years, the chemical industry and high-technology industries (to exploit) the warm climate and low labour costs in the Southeast. |
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By 1995 he (to grow crops) for 20 years. |
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By the time he founded his first company, Henry Ford (to build) primitive wheeled devices for 5 years |
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Joel Cheek (to search) for the perfect blend of coffee for many years. |
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By next Monday, she (to write) her final paper/or two months. |
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The representative of the corporation said that for the last two weeks they (to invest) a lot of money in the project. |
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He remarked that by the beginning of the next year he (to carry out) the research work/or about a year. |
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I (to work) here since I left my previous job. |
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Assignment 16
Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.
Американцы боролись за свою не- зависимость пять лет. |
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Она заметила, что к тому времени, когда я вернусь, они будут обсуждать данную проблему уже четыре часа. |
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За последние два месяца цены возрастали. |
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Когда мы приехали на фабрику на прошлой неделе, они уже два месяца выпускали новую продукцию. |
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Он работает в этом учреждении с сентября 2002 года. |
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С середины восемнадцатого века Великобритания развивала свой сектор производства. |
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К середине двадцать первого века будет возрастать проблема загрязнения окружающей среды. |
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В течение нескольких последних лет один американский фермер производил достаточно еды, чтобы прокормить себя, 45 других американцев и 8 иностранцев. |
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Он ответил, что сфера социальных услуг расширяется с того времени, когда к власти пришли лейбористы. |
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К началу следующего года эта компания будет производить машины уже шестьдесят лет. |
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Units I-IV
Dear friend! You have done all the Tenses. Here is a fable, which will give you a clear picture of English Tenses and help you review all of them.
TENSE FORM |
PRESENT
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PAST
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FUTURE
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FUTURE IN THE PAST |
INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) |
I write He writes |
I wrote He |
I will write He |
I would write He
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CONTI- NUOUS |
I am He is writing We are |
I was He was writing We were |
I He will be writing We |
I He would be writing We |
PERFECT |
I have written He has |
I had written He |
I will have written He |
I would have written He |
PERFECT CONTI- NUOUS |
I have been writing He has |
I had been writing He |
I will have been writing He
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I would have been writing He |
Assignment 17
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb.
1. Many of successful small companies __________ in Britain in the 1980s.
(to appear)
2. The United States______________ the world's greatest maker of industrial goods. (to remain)
3. He said he ______________ on the farm for two years. (to live)
4. Some people envision a future where robots ________________ the farm machinery, and crops ________________ green under a pollution-free sky. (to operate) (to grow)
5. The Normans ________________ from France in 1066. (to come)
6. For many years Italian bankers ________________ the English Crown.
(to finance)
7. By he time he started his own car business, he _____________ in the car industry for ten years. (to work)
8. At the moment our firm _____________ more than 50 staff. (to employ)
9. She said she _________________ a very interesting job. (to offer)
10. By next Wednesday, they ______________ production. (to increase)
11. At that time he was a traveling salesman; he _______________ from
village to village. (to go)
12. She ____________ economics from 2 till 5 o'clock yesterday. (to do)
Assignment 18
Present the following in the Past Tense Forms. Make all necessary changes. If needed, add the words denoting time. Write your variant of the verb in the empty space in the right-hand column.
Communications today between companies are becoming faster and faster. But there is still one problem that companies have not completely resolved: the problem of language. In the United States or Britain, for example, most companies deal in English. This is fine if you are buying from a German or Indian company. However, when it comes to selling abroad, American and British companies are finding that things are not so simple. |
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Imagine a London-based supplier of plastics. Managers are happy when they land a multi-million pound contract to supply casings for computers and other electronic equipment to a factory in Iran. Everything goes well at first. However, problems begin to develop after a few months. The British company has received a large quantity of correspondence in Farsi. But there is no one in the London office who reads the letters and faxes in Farsi. So the managers send the correspondence to a firm of translators and there is a long delay in replying to it. The Iranian company grows increasingly frustrated at the delays and finally cancels the contract. Instead, it places its orders with a French firm which is employing a number of Farsi speakers |
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The London-based company has never faced problems like this. The managers' language policy has always been to rely on their employees' individual language skills. As for the secretaries, the managers hope that they pick up enough foreign language at school to deal with correspondence. This time, the company decides to set up a language training programme. |
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Notes and Commentary
Farsi —язык фарси; персидский язык (население Ирана говорит на
этом языке)