Автономное образовательное учреждение
среднего профессионального образования
Удмуртской Республики
«Воткинское медицинское училище
Министерства здравоохранения
Удмуртской Республики»
СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
«АНАТОМИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА»
“THE HUMAN ANATOMY”
Воткинск, 2011
CONTENT
Human body.
The Human Skeleton.
The Muscles.
The Heart and the Vascular System.
Work of the Human Heart.
The Heart Sound.
The Circulation of the Blood.
The Corpuscular Elements of the Blood.
The Cardiac Rhythm.
The Lungs.
The Exchange of Gases in the Lungs.
The Alimentary Tract.
The Brain.
Reflexes.
Human body
According to their functions different organs of the human body are divided into several systems: the bones, the muscular system, the alimentary tract, the respiratory system, the urogenital [‘juere’dзenitl] system , the vascular system and the nervous system.
The muscles and the bones re under the layer of subcutaneous [,s^bkju’teinjes] fat. The muscles are connected with the bones.
The heart and the large blood vessels connected with it, as well as the lungs and esophagus are in the thoracic cavity. The spleen, the liver and the stomach are in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity lower than the stomach, the liver and the spleen. The kidneys are on the posterior side of the abdominal cavity.
The human skeleton
The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.
The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull. They are connected together so firmly that it’s very difficult to separate them. The bones of the skull form one large cavity, cranial, and some smaller cavities: oral cavity, nose cavity and orbits.
The bones of the trunk are the spinal column (or spine) and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. The spine consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae, and from 1 to 5 vertebrae which form the coccyx. The thorax is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs.
The upper extremity consists of the humerus, ulna, radius and phalanges. It’s connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle).
The lower extremity consists of the femur, fibula, tibia and phalanges. It’s connected with the trunk by the pelvis.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.
The muscles
The body is composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. In the adult the muscles form about 35%-40% of the body weight. All the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities.
Long, short and wide muscles form 3 basic groups. The long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. The wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedius is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial
musculature.
Some muscles were called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors, or according to their direction, for example oblique.
The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction.
In 1892 a prominent Russian anatomist Professor Lesgaft divided the muscles into 2 basic groups – static and dynamic. They were called strong and skilled. Static and dynamic muscles are different in the number of nerve fibers and the form of nerve endings.