6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:

Model: take, forms, several, systems, automatic. - Automatic systems take several forms.

1). the nineteenth, industrial, operation, of, century, the, development, automatic, change, was, a, towards. 2). to dispense, with, labour, any, development, technical, that enables, instrument, a machine, or, is, automation, toward, a step. 3). part of, trend, their, application, the development, operation, but, well-established, a, automatic, while, in, extending, were not, revolutionary. 4). in batches, in the twentieth, rather than, idea, century, flow, the, continuous, in, of producing goods, widely, a, applied, was. 5). maintenance, rapid, and, technological, supervision, advance, skilled, reduced, to, the part, human labour, played by.

Grammar in Use Revision of Grammar

1. Write out from the text all the adjectives and adverbs in comparative and superlative degree.

2. Make up questions to which the underlined words are the answers:

1). The control has been obtained by a human operator. 2) The operator has noted faults and deviations and corrected them by means of special instruments. 3). The development in automatic operation has been a part of a well-established trend. 4). The changes in automatic control have been considerably more drastic. 5). The devices have detected faults in a processed part. 6). Electronic computers have shown that man can rely on them.

3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

1) Manufacturing already (to become) one of the most important application area for automation technology. 2). Assembly operations (to be) lately performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. 3). Programmable automation (to be) a form of automation for producing products in large quantities. 4) Loading and unloading operations (to carry) out on a special transfer sector. 5). The work modules recently(to be) designed and built with standard features for special machining operations.

4. Translate the following sentences and define the tense-forms which are used in the next sentences.

1) The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. 2) Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. 3) This technology was called packet switching. 4) The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet.

Additional Text (for individual work)

Read and translate the text.

Types of Automation

Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.

1. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automation» refers to automated machines in which the equip­ment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product style to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assem­bly machines and certain chemical processes.

2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer programme.

3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time to re-program and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equip­ment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.

1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.

2. Put questions to the text.

3. Discuss it with your groupmates.