15. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds.

1. A: Are you doing ….. at the weekend?

B: No, I haven’t made any plans yet.

2. A: I think there’s ….. else in this envelope.

B: Take it out and see what it is.

3. A: Are you off work next week?

B: Yes, but I’m not going ….. . I’m going to stay at home.

4. A: The meal was a great success last night.

B: I know. There was ….. food left over, either.

5. A: Where is our professor?

B: He’s gone ….. with students.

6. A: Did you enjoy your visit to the museum?

B: Yes, but there was ….. to tell us about the exhibits.

7. A: The bus was really very crowded today. There was ….. to sit.

B: I know. I wish I had my own car.

16. Fill in the gaps with any + noun, anyone or anything.

Example. The seats aren’t reserved. You can have any seat you like.

I don’t mind what we do today. We can do anything you want.

1. If it’s your meeting, you can invite ….. you like

2. I don’t mind what he invents. He can invent ….. he wants.

3. All tickets are free. You can choose ….. you want.

4. All the buses go into the town centre. Take ….. that comes along here.

5. This car is available in lots of colours. You can have ….. you like.

6. He has the television on all the times. He’ll watch TV ….. he wants.

7. It doesn’t matter which day you phone. Ring ….. you like.

17. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Розкажіть нам все про ваш винахід.

2. Ніхто не знав нічого про Америку до того як Колумб відкрив її.

3. Хтось вчора залишив журнал у нашій аудиторії.

4. Чи є тут хтось хто знає англійську мову?

5. Деякі винаходи покращили життя людей.

6. Вони нічого не сказали.

7. Чи є в будинку хто-небудь? – Так, там є хтось.

Unit 18 types of engines

LEAD-IN

1. What types of engines are used to drive these means of transport?

A	B	C	D

2. What other types of engines do you know? What is the difference between them?

READING

3. Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Types of Engines

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion.

Devices converting heat energy into motion are referred to as engines, which come in many types. A common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid.

A common type of motor is the electric motor. This takes electrical energy and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

Other motors include pneumatic motors that are driven by compressed air. Motors can also be driven by elastic energy, such as springs. Some motors are driven by non combustive chemical reactions. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful mechanical motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. Military devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity, pump water, or compress gas. In the context of propulsion systems, an air-breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried rather than supplying an independent oxidizer, as in a rocket.

In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine (i.e., electric motor) that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.

The term motor was originally used to distinguish the new internal combustion engine-powered vehicles from earlier vehicles powered by steam engines, such as the steam roller and motor roller, but may be used to refer to any engine.

1. Civil devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines.

2. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate movement via a separate working fluid.

3. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as motors, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

4. An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into important mechanical motion.

5. Electric motor takes electrical power and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

6. Originally an engine was a mechanical machine that converted force into motion.

7. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful automatic motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
T	T	T	T	T	T	T
F	F	F	F	F	F	F

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

engine, steam, mechanical, external, combustion, vehicle, chemical

1. air-breathing …..

2. internal ….. engine

3. original ….. engine

4. non combustive ….. reactions

5. useful ….. motion

6. engine-powered …..

7. ….. combustion engine

5. Match each word from the text with its synonym.

1. fluid a) power

2. engine b) apparatus

3. energy c) substance

4. motion d) car

5. matter e) motor

6. automobile f) liquid

7. device g) movement

6. Complete the following sentences using the information from the text:

1. A heat engine may also serve as …….

2. The term motor was originally used to …….

3. Motors can also be driven by …….

4. An engine or motor is a machine designed to …….

5. External combustion engines such as …….

6. Originally an engine was a mechanical …….

7. Molecular motors like myosins …….

7. Match up the words in column A with the words in column B to form meaningful phrases, translate them into Ukrainian:

Column A Column B

1. propulsion a) engine

2. electric b) field

3. mechanical c) system

4. working d) motor

5. steam e) motion

6. electromagnetic f) reaction

7. chemical g) fluid

8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:

												1
						2								3
			4						5
		6
					7
8
9
									10

Across: 4 A machine that changes power, especially electrical power, into movement and is used for working other machines. 5 The act, way or process of moving. 7 A piece of equipment intended for a particular purpose. 8 A material that is used for producing heat or power by burning or by atomic means. 9 The chemical activity, usually in the presence of oxygen, that produces light and heat. 10 A piece of machinery with moving parts which changes power from steam, electricity, oil, etc., into movement.

Down: 1 Something in or on which people or goods can be carried from one place to another, something that moves on wheels, such as a bicycle, car, bus, etc. 2 The force that can be used for doing work, driving a machine or producing electricity. 3 The power which can do work, such as drive machines or provide heat. 5 An instrument or apparatus which uses power, such as electricity, to perform work. 6 Water in the state of gas produced by boiling.

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

train	винахід
electrify	збільшувати
locomotive	паровий двигун
invention	вимірювання
measurement	електрифікувати
steam engine	локомотив
increase	потяг

10. Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. Who invented the first steam engine for trains?

2. How did steam engines help the progress?

3. What speed did the first locomotive travel?

4. What was the Golden Age of Steam?

5. What replaced steam engines?

6. How fast can trains travel now?

SPEAKING

11. Work in small groups. Imagine that you are a graduate student and the topic of your degree work is «Types of Engines». Read the text again and be ready for the defence of your diploma and for the questions the State Exam Board members may ask you (student A – a graduate student, students B, C, D – members of the State Exam Board).

12. Use the Internet or magazines to find information about new or improved engines. Choose one and make a list of the features it has and share the information with your group mates.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are an engineer working at the plant and you have to explain the functions of different engines to your new colleague. Make an outline of your explanation (write 60-80 words). Describe:

- where it is used

- how it works

- its capacity

- its efficiency

- its main parts.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These exercises can help you to practise the Pronouns: few / a few / little / a little. (See Appendix 1 p. 200 – 202) and do the following exercises.

14. Fill in the blanks with little / a little or few / a few.

1. I don’t think I can lift this box on my own. I need ….. help.

2. ….. tourists visited Northern Ireland in the 1980s because of the terrorism there.

3. The postman doesn’t often come here. We receive ….. letters.

4. He isn’t finding it’s easy to fix the shelves. He’s having ….. trouble.

5. I can speak ….. words of Swedish , but I’m not very fluent.

6. There were ….. new words in the text. Ann spent ….. time learning them.

7. I would like to stay here ….. longer, it’s such a nice place.