Ex.11 Insert articles where necessary and comment on their use.

1. In 1911 in Wayne County, Michigan....automobile driver saw ...collision on...narrow bridge between...horse and...buggy and automobile going into opposite directions. Each of...drivers was sure that he was on his own side of...road. Edward Hines was...observer,...governor of...country. Mr. Hines immediately decided that it must be possible for drivers to determine with certainly where their side of ...road was. He ordered a white line painted on...centre of every bridge and every curve within his county. Subsequently he had his idea extended to all...highways of...county...centre line and various pavement marking have unquestionable saved many lives. They are now one of...most effective means of controlling traffic.

Ex.12 Insert articles where necessary in the stable expressions.

1. He is always in...hurry. 2. In winter the Browns live in... town. 3. I saw him at... distance of 10 metres. 4. One can’t do different kinds of work at ...time. 5. She is at ... work now. 6. When I was ... child I had ... friend, by... name Mary. 7. She can speak over the telephone for... hours. 8. It is ...pity I can’t sew. 9. He always speaks in ... low voice. 10. I notice it at ... glance. 11. She reads English books in ... original. 12. My fried’s parents live in ... country. 13. In summer pupils have ... lot of free time. 14. I saw him... other day. 15. My sister plays... piano very well. 16. This little chap always tells ... truth. 17. I get up at 8 o’clock in ... morning. 18. This excursion is out of... question. 19 She answered ... negative. 20. I like to get up at ... dawn. 21. He is over ... head and ... ears in ... debt. 22. They ... side by ..side at the table.23. He had to get up at ... sunrise. 24. She likes to work in her small garden for ...morning till ... night. 25. She doesn’t work at... present. 26. He has ... cold and will have to keep ... house a week. 27. On ... one hand she is very clever, but on ... other hand she has few friends. 28. My little brother likes to spend much time out of ... doors. 29. My brother wants to go to... sea, and I’d like to become a teacher. 30. My mother keeps ... house. 31. It was a lie from ... beginning to... end. 32. She was dressed in red from ... head to ... foot. He fell in love with her at ... first sight. 34. She seldom flies into ...passion. 35. We had ... good time in the village.

Ex.13 Insert articles. Retell the story.

....little girl was sitting on... front porch when ... stranger came up to the gate. He tried to open it but ... gate wouldn’t open.

“Is your mother at home, little one?” asked... stranger.

“Yes, sir, she’s always at home”, said ... child.

...stranger jumped over... gate and rang ... doorbell. There was no answer. He rang it several times more, and waited. ...door remained closed. Somewhat angry, he turned to ... child and said:

“ Didn’t you say your mother was at home?”

“Yes, and I’m sure she is”, replied ... girl.

“Then why doesn’t she answer my ring, I wonder”.

“I think she will, sir, when you reach our house”, replied ... girl. “We live four doors down ...street”.

Ex.14 State the form of the Subjunctive Mood and translate the following sentences.

1. Without the force of gravitation there would be no pressure in liquids. 2. The Sun radiates as much energy every second as would be released by the explosion of several billion atomic bombs. 3. By reduction in jet velocity it would appear to be possible to increase the propulsive efficiency for a given rocket. 4. Only a few years ago, the idea of setting up artificial moon to circle the Earth would have sounded fantastic.5. It is necessary that all the data should be sent to the Weather Bureau. 6. It is very important that you should take part in the discussion. 7. It would be very interesting to travel in the mountains in summer.

Lesson22

Текст: Oceanography.

Лексико-граматичні основи перекладу: Передача артиклів. Умовні речення. Вживання перфектних та тривалих часів.

HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS

Determination of infiltration rates from the analysis hydrographs of runoff has the advantage that field data are used and thus quantitative results can be obtained for the watershed under study. Infiltrometers may be conveniently classified as either of two types: sprinkler or flooding. Both types require only a small, area of soil surface on which to conduct a test.

Flooding type. The flooding type infiltrometers normally consist of tubes or concentric rings which are driven into the groung to depths of 15-21 inches. These tubes are usually about 9 inches in diameter and 18 to 24 inches in length. Water is applied to the tube from graduated burettes and maintained at a constant head ( ¼ in ) over the soil surface. Readings of the water level in the burettes at successive time intervals permit direct determination of infiltration volumes and rates. Concentric-ring or double ring infiltrometers usually consist of an inner ring, 9 inches in diameter, surrounded by a 14-inch diameter outer ring. The ring are only forced into tire soil an amount necessary to prevent leakage under their edges. The water level is maintained at the same level within both rings but measurements of applied volumes and time are only taken on the inner ring. The outer ring serves only to reduce the boundary effects on the inner ring. The flooding type infiltrometers normally yield values of infiltration about twice those obtained for sprinkler type infiltrometers. This is because there is no dynamic actions of falling water drops.

Sprinkler type. There are many different models of sprinkler type infiltrometer but the most common types are designated type F and type FA. The type F infiltrometer utilizes a plot 6 feet wide by 12 feet in length while the FA type normally is used on plots only 1 ft X 2 1/2 ft in size. Each type contains two rows of –special nozzles mounted along each side of the plot. The nozzles used in both types are the same but the FA infiltrometer is operated at lower nozzle pressures than on the type F; hence the discharge and dynamic action of the water from the nozzles is reduced. The nozzles direct their spray upward and slightly inward to cover the plot and surrounding area with simulated, uniform rainfall. The water drops from the nozzle spray reach a height of 6-7 if above the plot surface; however this height is insufficient to permit the drops to reach their terminal velocity by the time they strike the ground. However, the dynamic action of the drops does approximate that of natural rainfall. The intensities of simulated rainfall which may be obtained with the nozzles is governed by the number of nozzles used. The actual intensity of rain provided by the nozzles is determined by placing a plastic or metal sheet over the plot and measuring the runoff from the plot. The “test” run commences when the plastic sheet is removed. Water is applied to the plot through the nozzles and runoff is measured continuously until the discharge rate from the plot becomes essentially constant. The nozzles are then shut off but thedischarge measurements are continued until there is no further runoff. As soon as all free water disappears from the plot the nozzles are turned on again and remain on until the discharge rate is once again-constant. They are then shut off but the measurements of discharge continue until runoff ceases.

Lesson 23

Вживання перфектних та тривалих часів.