Economy

6. Think of 10 questions to ask your group about the usa

7. Work in pairs. Discuss the following topics:

• Geographical position

• Political system

• State symbols

• Economy

8. Work in pairs. Student A is a journalist and Student B is an American. Act out an interview about the USA.

9. You are going to visit the USA. Write a letter to your American friend to get the required information.

10. Make reports on the following topics:

• Famous American scientists, writers and poets

• Holidays, customs and traditions

• System of education

• American English

WASHINGTON

1. Read and memorize the following words and phrases:

2. Read the text. Use dictionary if necessary.

Washington, the capital of the United States of America, is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The District is a piece of land ten miles square and it does not belong to any separate state but to all the states. The district is named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America.

The capital owes much to the first President of the USA. It was George Washington who chose the place for the District and in 1790 laid the corner-stone of the Capitol where Congress sits. Washington is not the largest city in the USA with only 640,000 inhabitants.

Washington is a one-industry city. That industry is government. It does not produce anything except very much scrap paper. Every day 25 railway cars leave Washington loaded with scrap paper. The city's main output are laws and government decisions. Besides, Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the United States.

The White House is the President's residence. All American presidents except George Washington have lived in the White House built in 1799.

Not far from the Capitol there is the Washington Monument rising 160 metres. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a beautiful view of the whole city.

The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is surrounded by cherry-trees.

The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the 16-th president of the USA, the author of Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.

On the other bank of the Potomac lies the Arlington National Cemetery where President Kennedy was buried. American soldiers and officers, who died in World War I and II are buried there too.

Washington has nothing characteristically Amer­ican in it, as its conception is purely French. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks and no skyscrapers at all. It also contains the Capitol, the seat of the American Congress, the Supreme Court, the Headquarters of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investiga­tion), the Pentagon, the offices of the Defence Department.

Washington is also a place of culture. It has several universities, such as Georget­own University, George Wash­ington University and Howard University. Some of the most important art collections in the world are included in the National Gallery of Art, the National Collection of Fine Arts and the Smithsonian Institution, the largest complex of museums with its Air and Space Museum and the National museum of American History.

3. Render the following word-combinations into English:

• Розташована на річці Потомак

• Не належати до жодного штату

• Який обрав цю місцевість

• Окрім великої кількості макулатури

• Спеціальний ліфт піднімає гостей за 70 сек.

• Великий науковий та культурний центр

• Побудований на честь

• Присвячений пам’яті президента

4. Think of 3-5 questions to ask your group mates about Washington.

5. What other interesting facts about Washington do you know?

6. Make up a list of key words and retell the text by using them.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

1. Read the texts about New York

2. Did any information about it surprise you? Why?

NEW YORK

New York is one of the largest cities in the world. It is the financial capital of the country and one of the largest seaports in the world. New York City is situated in New York State, at the mouth of the Hudson river. Its population is over eight million and it includes five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx and Richmond, also known as Staten Island.

In early times the New York area was populated by Indians. In 1626 a Dutchman bought Manhattan Island for $24 and named the place New Amster­dam. The English took over the place in 1664 and renamed it New York. Today, New York City is informally called ‘The Big Apple’. The origin of this name is unknown, but it is popular all over the world.

Manhattan is the economic and cultural heart of New York City. It is an island at the north end of New York Bay with an area of 47 sq. km and with about 1.5 million residents. Manhattan Island is usually divided into Uptown Manhat­tan, Midtown Manhattan and Downtown Manhattan.

Central Park, Harlem, the Guggenheim Museum, the Lin­coln Center for the Performing Arts, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art are uptown.

Central Park is a huge park which extends between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West. On weekdays it is occupied by mothers and children, people stretching their muscles and minds before and after work, and tourists. At weekends the Park is a playground for all New York, and one of the best places to feel the spirit of its people.

Harlem's official boundaries extend south to north, from 90^th Street to I78^th Street. Despite its reputation as a ghetto with 10 per cent of city’s blacks living there, Harlem has also middle-class blocks, museums, beauti­ful buildings, fine restaurants, live entertainment places and the Apollo Theatre.

The Lincoln Center is at Broadway and 64^th Street and includes the New York Philarmonic, the New York State Theatre, a library and a school.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the ­most important and largest art museums in the world including hundreds of world famous masterpieces.

The western half of Midtown Manhattan is dominated by the theatre district and the garment district. On the East Side there is a dense concentration of office buildings and skyscrapers.

The Empire State Building is a 102 story building 381 m high built in 1931. It includes two observatories and was the tallest building in the world until 1971.

Carnegie Hall is a music centre founded in 1891 by the capitalist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. The world's greatest orchestras and soloists play here.

Times Square is the inter­section of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. It is the theatrical centre of the city, surrounded by playhouses, cin­emas, night-clubs, hotels and shops. After dark it pulses with a neon glow which has given it the name: ‘The Great White Way’.

The oldest part of Manhat­tan Island is downtown. Wall Street was the northern limit of the city in 1653, when the Dutch built a wooden palisade here to protect the colony from Indian attack. Nowadays it is famous as America's financial center. The New York Stock Exchange is the nation's larg­est organized market for stocks and bonds.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbour. This Na­tional Monument was a present from France to the U.S.A., commemorating the alliance between the two countries during the American Revolu­tion. The French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi built it, but it was A.G. Eiffel, the author of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, who designed it. Liberty carries the torch of freedom in her right hand and is stepping out of broken chains. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription ‘July 4, 1776’ — American Independence Day.

Notes: The Great White Way – Чумацький Шлях

3. Make up a list of key words and retell the text by using them.

Unit 6 canada

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.

2. Read the text. Use dictionary if necessary.

Canada is the country occupying the northern part of the North American continent, bounded in the south by the USA, in the north – by the Arctic Ocean, in the northwest – by Alaska, in the east – by the Atlantic Ocean.

Canada is over 3.9 million square miles in area. It is the second largest country in the world including five major geographical regions. Canada is divided into ten provinces, of which Quebec is the largest, and two territories.

The population of Canada is 30 million people.

The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other major cities include: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary. Canada is very rich in rivers and lakes: the St.Lawrence, Nelson, Churchill and Mackenzie rivers are the most important. Its largest lakes are four of the Great Lakes which Canada shares with the United States – Ontario, Superior, Huron and Erie.

Canada’s climate is greatly influenced by its mountain ranges, plains and water surfaces. The mountain ranges of the Cordilleran region prevent humid Pacific air from reaching the interior. The central plains of the North American continent form a corridor for the flow of warm air north from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from north to south and east. This air movement creates sudden and drastic weather changes in Canada’s interior.

Canada was first inhabited by Asian tribes that migrated across the Bering Strait many thousands of years ago. The descendants of these people are today’s Eskimos and Indians.

The name “Canada” originated with its first inhabitants, since Indians used the world kanata to describe a settlement. The story of modern Canada began about 500 years ago, when an Italian navigator, John Cabot, landed on Cape Breton Island and claimed the area for England. Cabot was followed by a French navigator Jacques Cartier. The true founder and settler of French Canada, however, was the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec in 1608.

The American Revolutionary War of the 1770’s, with the birth of an independent nation was an event as important for future of Canada as for the USA..

Economically, the country’s iron-and-steel industry, its shipbuilding and new aircraft industries as well as vast networks of communications (railways, highways, waterways, telegraph, telephone, wireless etc.), came into being, and the young country took its first step towards modern industrialization.

Nowadays the western part of Canada is known as the “bread-basket of the world”. The discovery of gold, nickel, silver, and other ores revealed Canada as one of the world’s great storehouses of natural resources.

Canada is a self-governing federal union within the British Commonwealth of Nations. The British monarch, i.e. Queen Elizabeth II, is Head of State and is represented in the country by the Governor-General. The Canadian Parliament is composed of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Commons. The head of the Government is the Prime Minister. The two official languages are English and French.

OTTAWA

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada situated on the Ottawa River. The population of Ottawa is about one million people.

In 1613 the site was reached by S. Champlain, a French explorer and first Governor of French Canada. It was originally named Bytown. Ottawa was established as a city under its present name in 1854. It was elected by Queen Victoria as the capital in 1858.

Today Ottawa is an industrial and commercial centre of Canada. Chief among its manufactures are lumber, cement, furniture and paper. To this is added a printing and publishing trade, food and beverage products, and iron and steel products, clothing and chemicals.

Many notable public organizations, the national government and several educational and cultural organizations are situated in Ottawa.

There are two universities in the city — the bilingual Roman Catholic University of Ottawa and Carleton University. Special educational advantages may be derived from such institutions as the National Gallery of Canada, National Museum of Man, National Library, Public Archives and the National Museum of Science and Technology. In addition to these institutions, residents and visitors are attracted by the Royal Mint, the Canadian War Museum, the Canadian Tulip Festival each spring and the daily Changing the Guard ceremony on Parliament Hill each summer.

The National Arts Centre is a complex of concert halls and theatres. The National (Victoria Memorial) Museum of Canada, containing exhibits of geology, anthropology and natural history, lies across the city. It includes the National Art Gallery which was founded in 1880, The Art Gallery contains a notable collection of Canadian and other paintings and sculptures.

Other features include Observatory and Rideau Hall (the governor general’s residence).

3. Think of 7-10 questions about Canada and its capital.

4. Did any facts about Canada surprise you? Why?

5. Work in pairs. Make a list of key words to talk on history, agriculture, geography, history of Canada.

6. Make reports on the following topics:

• History of Canada

• Province of Quebec

• Political system of Canada

7. Think of 2-3 questions to ask your group-mates about your reports.

8. Write a letter to your friend about:

• Why you’d like to visit Canada.

• Which cities/regions you’d like to visit and why.

- Modern branches of industry.

Unit 7 australia

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.

species види

fall into впадати в

peculiar особливий

2. Read the text. Use dictionary if necessary.

Australia is a continent — island washed by the Indian Ocean and by the Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of 7,682,300 sq.km and is as big as the USA.

It was discovered by Dutch explorers in 1606 but only in 1770 the British explorer James Cook claimed New South Wales for Britain.

Administratively it includes six states and two territories. About 19 million people now live in Australia.

The federal capital of the country is Canberra. Its other major cities are Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Darwin, Brisbane.

The official language is English.

Australia is the flattest of the continents. The Australian Alps have several peaks exceeding 1,800 m in height, Mount Kosciusko being the highest. Australia's greatest rivers are the Murray and the Darling. Other rivers do not reach the sea but fall into Lake Eyre in South Australia.

As Australia is situated in the south hemisphere, it has winter when we have summer and vice versa.

Australia's climate is relatively warm and dry, with no extreme cold and little frost. There is comparatively little seasonal temperature change. Winds are light to moderate, except along the coasts, where tsunami occasionally occur.

It is believed that Australia's geological isolation has resulted in many species not found elsewhere. The best known peculiar animals and birds are kangaroo, duckbill, dingo or wild dog, koala bear, emu, eagles and parrots. The emu and kangaroo are represented on the national emblem of Australia. The best known native trees are the gum (eucalyptus) and wattle (acacia).

Australia is an important producer and exporter of primary products. It leads the world in wool production and is significant supplier of grains, dairy products, meat, sugar and fruit. Australia is famous for its sheep and almost all of Australia's wool has traditionally been exported.

Australia is among the major producers of minerals and metals. It is rich in black coal, bauxite, ores of iron, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, manganese, uranium and gold.

There are some educational and cultural institutions such as universities, museums, libraries, theatres.

Though an independent nation, Australia, like Canada, has close institutional links with Britain, and Queen Elizabeth II of England is also formally Queen of Australia.

The Queen is represented in Australia by the Governor-Ge­neral and six State Governors. The Commonwealth of Australia includes six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, south Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and two internal territories — the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.

Australia has a Parliament consisting of two chambers: the House of Representatives (the Lower House) and the Senate (the Upper House). House of Representatives is the more important Chamber of the Australian Parliament. The Prime Minister is normally drawn from among its membership. The government of the country is headed by the Prime Minister.

CANBERRA

Canberra is the capital of Australia. The site for the city was selected in 1908 between Sydney and Melbourne, rivals to be capital of the new country. Canberra is the heart of Australia and the seat of Federal Government. 325,000 people live in Canberra.

The city was specially planned as a capital.

Canberra is a quiet capital, even in high hours. All the government buildings are situated in the city. It contains the Parliament House, The Australian National University, The Canberra School of Music and the National War Memorial. There are no industrial plants in the city.

Frosty nights and sunny days characterize winter and autumn here. There are many flowers in spring and Canberra is at its best at that time.

3. Ask your group-mates 10 questions about Australia and Canberra.

4. Did any facts about Australia surprise you? Why?

5. Work in pairs. Use key words to talk on history, agriculture, geography of Australia.

6. Make up reports on the following topics:

• Political system

• Deserts of Australia

• Great Diving Range

• Fauna and Flora

• Indigenous population

7. Think of 2-3 questions to ask your group-mates on your report.

8. Write a letter to your friend about:

• Why you’d like to visit Australia.

• Which cities/regions you’d like to visit and why

• Modern industry/arts of Australia

• Population of Australia

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

1. Read and discuss the following texts.

AUSTRALIAN ANIMALS

The king of Australian animals is the kangaroo (or «roo»). There are scores of varieties, from the red or giant grey kangaroo, taller than a man and weighing up to 90 kg, to the kangaroo-rat which only attains a height of 30 cm. Wallabies or wallaroos are medium sized kangaroos. Kanga­roos can be found all over the country, except in those areas where they compete for food with sheep. Regarded as a pest by farmers, their numbers are culled by licensed hunters who keep the population down. Koalas are also marsupials, but they are almost impossible to snot in their natural habitat. Most live on the east coast of southern Queensland, one of the few regions where the variety of eucalyptus they feed on grows.

Another marsupial which is very common and very much loved in Australia is the wombat, a creature looking something like an enormous, slothful rat. Australia's wildlife includes 700 species of birds, 530 of which are endemic. Among the most famous are the emu, the Australian cousin of the ostrich; the cassowary, another running bird; the black swan; the kookaburra with its mocking laugh, etc.

AUSTRALIAN SKA PATHFINDER RADIO TELESCOPE

The tiny West Australian town once described as “the end of the earth” is about to become the centre of the universe.

Meekatharra, 800km north-east of Perth, is to be the site for the world’s most powerful and expensive telescope.

The $2 billion Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is being built by a consortium of 17 countries in a bid to finally solve the biggest mysteries in the universe: when did time begin?; how did galaxies form?; and, is there anybody out there?

The SKA will consist of an army of thousands of antennas or arrays, spread over a kilometre and linked via high bandwidth cable, all collecting radio waves from deep space.

To do this, they need absolute radio quiet - and one of the quietest places on the planet is Mileura Station, 130km west of Meekatharra.

These telescopes will gather the visible and infrared light from the first stars and galaxies to be formed. Before these objects were born, the universe was entirely composed of hydrogen gas. As the first objects begin to glow, they heat the hydrogen gas so it starts to emit radio waves.

These radio waves will indicate the location of the first stars and the process by which they are born and grow.

Astronomers worldwide are also thinking about the radio telescopes necessary to catch these first radio waves. The SKA is the telescope that the global astronomical community wants to build to do this new science and to really “see” for the first time the creation of the stars and galaxies that surround us today.

Unit 8 new zealand

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.

2. Read the text. Use dictionary if necessary.

New Zealand is an independent state and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It is situated in the Pacific Ocean southeast of Australia. It comprises two major islands - North Island and South Island, and some smaller islands. New Zealand has a total area of 268,680 square km. Over 3,6 million people live in the country. The capital of the Dominion is Wellington. Other major cities and towns include Hamilton, Palmerston, Auckland. The majority of the population are of British origin, but there are small groups of Chinese, Indians, Dutch, Greeks and Poles.

New Zealand has a temperate wet ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.

South Island is much more mountainous than North Island. The Southern Alps contain 17 peaks, the highest is Mount Cook or Aorangi. The chief rivers are the Waikato, the Wairu and the Rangitata.

New Zealand is rich in minerals, but few have been extensively exploited. They include: coal, clay, limestone, iron ore, gold, pumice, forests. Natural gas, petroleum and uranium-bearing minerals have been discovered too.

The most significant feature of New Zealand industry in recent years is the establishment of heavy industry. The iron and steel industry is developed in the South Auckland area. Plants already in operation or being designed include a steel mill, an oil refinery, an aluminium plant, a copper rolling mill, etc. The pulp and paper and rubber industries are well developed too. The most important industries include: food processing, textiles, fishery, wood and wood products, fruit and vegetables, livestock. Two-thirds of the total area of New Zealand are devoted to agriculture and animal husbandry.

Like other regions that were cut off from the rest of the world for a long period, New Zealand has developed plants with unique characteristics. More than 250 kinds are common to both Australia and New Zealand. There are few native animals in the country. Among the nonflying birds the most interesting is kiwi. It is found only in New Zealand, and it has become the national emblem.

Many kinds of birds and animals were resettled in New Zealand, some of which are the rabbit, the deer, the pig (now wild).

New Zealand is a self-governing state and a member of the Commonwealth. It has close links with Britain and formally the head of state is King or Queen of England.

The Queen is represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General, appointed for a five-year term. The Parliament consists of one House only, the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister is the head of the government

WELLINGTON

Wellington_: is the capital city and a seaport. It is also a financial, commercial and transportation centre of New Zealand. It is situated on a mountainous site at the head of Wellington Harbour (formally Port Nicholson). The city was founded in 1840. The population of Wellington is about 325,000 people.

Wellington was named after the first Duke of Wellington. The first settlement of New Zealand colonists was founded in 1840. The capital of New Zealand was Auckland and in 1865 it was transferred to Wellington.

New Zealand manufactures motor vehicles, machinery, metal goods, textiles, chemicals, woolens, rope, packed meat, matches and soap. Building stone is produced, and an extensive export trade is carried on in wool, meat, fish hides, butter, cheese.

In Wellington there are many educational and cultural institutions. There are four universities: the University of New Zealand and Victoria University College are the best-known.

3. Are the following statements true? Prove it.

1. NZ is a country with highly developed industry and agriculture.

2. Foreign trade is one of the most important branches of national economy.

3. NZ is rich in natural resources.

4. Citizens of the country have an opportunity to get education.

5. NZ is a democratic state.

4. You have decided to visit NZ. Why have you chosen this country to travel to?

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