- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
a) a regularly repeated action: I normally go to bed around midnight.
b) an action characterizing a person, their skills, habits and abilities: John smokes a lot.
c) universal truths: Water freezes at 0 degrees Centigrade.
II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
a) with verbs not normally found in the Continuous form: I see what you mean.
b) with performative verbs – describing what the speaker is doing by uttering the sentence:
I apologize.
c) if an action is not viewed in its progress; when the occurrence itself is named: How time flies!
III Future actions
In simple sentences with verbs of motion and other groups of verbs, when the action is regarded as fixed (timetable, schedule, calendar, etc.): My ship sails at 10.
In complex sentences
in adverbial clauses of time: We’ll be married the moment we find a flat.
of condition : She won’t say a word unless she’s spoken to.
of concession: You’ll have to do it, whether you like it or not.
In other types of clauses joined with -ever compounds: Whoever comes here will be given a warm welcome.
of purpose and precaution, esp. after in case: In case I forget all about it, send me a reminder.
IV Past Actions
1) In narration of past events, so as to make them sound more vivid and closer to the reader/hearer (“historical present”) or in speaking of an author’s writings: Shakespeare uses a large number of metaphors. Or in newspaper headlines: Boy Saves Train.
NOTE the use of the Past Indefinite for politeness: I wondered if you were free this evening. I thought you might like some flowers.
26)The continuous and perfect continuous aspect. Verbs not used in the continuous form.(Кузнецова М.)
The perfect continuous is not considered as an aspect in itself; rather it is the combination of the perfect and continuous aspects.
It is expressed with the auxiliaries have and been (the third form of be), and the (present participle) -ingform of the verb. Depending on the time of the action, we use the past (had), present (have, has) or modal + infinitive (e.g. would have) form of have.
The perfect continuous expresses that the action had, has or will have been in progress for some time at a particular point of time. This point of time may be defined by a time expression (at 5 o'clock) or a clause(when she gets home).
Examples of the perfect continuous:
I've been waiting for this moment all my life. (from when I was born until now) At 5 o'clock he had been writing his homework for an hour. (from 4 to 5 o'clock) When she gets home, Kevin will have been sleeping for hours. (from some time before she gets home until she gets home) He's been ironing his shirts. (from some time in the past until now) I wouldn't have been sitting there, if I hadn't had to. (from some time in the past until a later time in the past)
Both tenses have a continuous form. These continuous tenses are formed with the verb be and the –ing form of the verb:
We use continuous aspect:
for something happening before and after a given time.
He’s getting on the train. [before and after the moment of speaking] It was quarter past ten. We were watching the news on television.
for something continuing before and after another action:
Mother will be cooking the dinner when we get home. We were waiting for the bus when it started to rain.
for something continuing for some time:
Everybody will be waiting for us. They had been working hard all day.
for something happening again and again:
They’ve been doing that every day this week. The children were always shouting. He will be practising the piano every night.
for something temporary:
We are renting an apartment until our house is ready.. He was working in a garage during the vacation.
for something new:
We have moved from Birmingham. We’re living in Manchester now. He had left university and was working in his father’s business.
to describe something changing or developing:
Everything has been getting more difficult. He was growing more bad-tempered every day.
The continuous aspect is expressed with the auxiliary be and the (present participle) -ing form of the verb. Depending on the time of the action, we use the past (was, were), present (am, are, is) or modal + infinitive (e.g. will be) form of be. The continuous aspect focuses on the duration of an event. It expresses that the action was, is or will be in progress at a particular point of time or over a period of time. The point of time may be defined by a time expression (now, at 5 o'clock yesterday, this time tomorrow) or a clause (when I came home, when I come home). For the period of time we can also use a time expression (all day yesterday) or a clause (while she was reading). Examples of the continuous aspect: Are you enjoying yourself? (now) At 5 o'clock I was sitting on the bus. When I came home she was sleeping. She must be waiting for me. (now) Johnny was playing computer games all day yesterday. While she was reading, George was doing the dishes. In January, I'll be living at my brother's.