22.Phonetic & graphical sd

Phonetic means are the most powerful expressive means of the language.

4 types:

1) Alliteration (aims at reproducing a melodic effect to the utterance). - the repetition of similar sounds, particular in consonants sounds in close succession particularly in the beginning of successive words.

It is frequently used now in emotive prose, in newspaper headlines, in titles of books, in proverbs and sayings.

Ex.: Safe and sound , tit for tat.

2) Onomatopoeia (combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature)

by things: tools, machines,

by people: laughter, sighing,

By animals: the watch tiched.

There are 2 variants of onomatopoeia:

Direct (phonetically motivated words):ding-dong, buzz , bang, mew .

Indirect (the line echoes it’s sense)

3) Rhyme ( the repetition of identical of similar terminal sounds of words)

Full rhyme proposes identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds in the stressed syllables. (Might-right).

Incomplete rhymes can be divided in vowel rhymes, where the vowels of the syllables are identical but the consonants may be different, and consonants rhymes, where the consonants of the syllables are identical but the vowels may be different.

4)Rhythm. (ритм).

Rhythm is a regular alternation of syllables.

The main stylistic function of rhythm is to intensify emotions. Ex: Oh, no, please don’t go!!!

Rhythm can be used not only in poetry, but also in papers headlines and in advertisements.

graphon - intentional violation of the graphical shape of word or word comb-n used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.

graphon proved to be an extremely effective means of supplying info about speaker’s origin, social & educ. Background, physical & emot. condition, etc. (sellybrated, illygitmet). Graphons are also good at conveying atmosphere of authentic life communication. We have such clichés as in conversation as gotta, wonna, gimme, lemme, wille, nowaru.It becomes popular with advertisers. E.g.: Pik-wik(pick quick). There also exist dif. Forms of foregrounding: 1)capitalization, 2)italics, 3)spacing of graphemes: - hyphenation(ч/з дефис, с пробела); multiplication(1 &the same letter written several times). A special trend- graphical imagism: e.g. the whole poem is written in form of a bird.

23. Funct styles as types of discourses.

According to the number& types of SD discourses are distinguished. Discourse generally refers to "written or spoken communication or debate".

Acc to Galperin:A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. A functional style is thus to be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of a language.

In the English literary standard we distinguish the following major functional styles (hence FS):

1.The belles-lettres FS :

-the language style of poetry;

- of emotive prose;

- of drama.

2. The publicistic FS:

the language style of oratory;

- of essays;

- of feature articles in newspapers and journals.

3. The newspaper FS :

the language style of brief news items and communiques;

- of newspaper headings

- of notices and advertisements.

4. The scientific prose FS :

- of humanitarian sciences;

- of "exact" sciences;

- of popular scientific prose.

5. The official dосument FS :

- of diplomatic documents;- of business documents;

- of legal documents; - of military documents.

24. Belles-lettres style: the l-ge of emotive prose.

The purpose of the belles-lettres style is not to prove but only to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to see the viewpoint of the writer( cognitive function of the belles-lettres style).

Features ob bel-ls.

1. Genuine imagery achieved by ling-c devices.

2. The use of w.s in contextual m-g,

3 A voc-ry reflecting to the author's personal evaluation

4 peculiar selection of voc-ry & syntax.

Emo-ve prose: imagery not so rich; number of w-s with contextual m-g not so high as in poetry; the idiosyncrasy of the author is not so clearly discernible; the comb-n of the lit-ry variant with the coll-l variant. It would perhaps be more exact to define this as a comb-n of the spoken & written varieties of the l-ge, in as much as monologue & dialogue are pres-t. The coll-l speech has been made "lit-re-like."

Present days: emotive prose is to a large extent characterized by the breaking-up of traditional syntactical designs of the preceding periods. Not only detached construction, but also fragmentation of syntactical models, peculiar, unexpected ways of combining sentences, especially the gap-sentence link and other modern syntactical patterns, are freely introduced into present-day emotive prose. Its advance is so rapid that it is only possible to view it in the gross.