- •Describe the nature and main instruments of trade policy.
- •2. Describe main institutes of international trade system. How do these institutes correspond with each other?
- •What is the role of different institutes in the development of international trading system?
- •Discuss societal concerns with respect to agricultural production. How could trade policy deal with these concerns?
- •5. Discuss societal concerns of the development of Chinese (or any other country of your choice) economy. How does chosen countries’ trade policy respond to these concerns?
- •International:
- •6. What are the accession rules in the wto. Analyse main difficulties of the accession process.
- •7. What is the dispute settlement mechanism in the wto. Discuss pluses and minuses of such mechanism.
- •Wto as an international economic organisation: the institution, structure, objectives, main functions, key principles in decision-making process.
- •Compare the wto and the gatt.
- •10. Define key principles of trade in goods.
- •11. Define key exemptions from non-discrimination principles with regard to trade in goods.
- •12. Rules of origin in the wto
- •13. Standards and technical barriers to trade: nature, key definitions. Wto agreement on standards and technical barriers: main features.
- •14. Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: purpose, examples. Wto agreement on Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: main features.
- •15. Trade remedies: Safeguards
- •16. Trade remedies: Anti-dumping
- •17. Trade remedies: Subsidy/Countervail
- •18. Key issues of international trade in services. Leading exporters and importers of services. Importance of services for national economies.
- •Importance of services for national economies.
- •19. General Agreement on Trade in Services: key features.
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •21. Discuss pluses and minuses of stronger ipRs protection. Pharmaceutical debate
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •22. Discuss the role of wipo in setting international standards of ipRs protection.
- •23.Wto agreementon intellectual property rights protection.
- •Industrial designs
- •Integrated circuits layout designs
- •24.Trade in Agriculture: approach to the regulation. Importance of agriculture for the economic development. Key exporters and importers of agriculture products.
- •Importance of agriculture for the economic development:
- •25 Agriculture: market access
- •26Domestic support
- •27 Export subsidies
- •28. Discuss the nature of International investment agreements (iiAs) and the main types of iiAs
- •1. Bilateral investment treaties
- •2. Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements
- •3. International Taxation Agreements
- •29. Describe the evolution of and recent trends in International investment agreements.
- •30. Discuss the nature of international investment disputes.
- •31.Assess the role of governments in relation to environment and development.
- •32. Explain the relationship between economy and environment.
- •What is the current stage of dda nama negotiations? Analyse key issues and main problems of negotiations.
2. Describe main institutes of international trade system. How do these institutes correspond with each other?
Institutions provide permanence and stability in a changing world, as well as a forum for states to discuss their concerns. Some of the ideas and practices that support modern organizations for international cooperation originated with the League of Nations (which would later emerge as the United Nations). There are now some 300 intergovernmental organizations devoted to economic issues alone.
Bretton Woods developed during the closing days of World War II to promote international economic prosperity and stability through multilateral cooperation.
At the core are the Bretton Woods agreements laid the groundwork for the establishment of:
International World Bank
Monetary Fund (IMF),
International Trade Organization (ITO).
The United Nations has also created a number of specialized and technically oriented institutions to deal with a range of economic issues:
Labour - International Labour Organization - ILO
Food - Food and Agriculture Organization -FAO
Aviation - International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO
Customs - World Customs Organization - WCO
Intellectual Property - World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO
Other multilateral institutions in the trade field, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), commodity councils (such as the International Wheat Council), and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
Each of the international organizations operates on the basis of rules and procedures established by its founding agreement and implemented by member governments and, usually, a Secretariat.
Relations among states and international organizations are governed by another set of ‘institutions’, norms, or conventions loosely termed international law.
The multilateral trade regime is complemented by dozens of regional and bilateral agreements and arrangements. Two regional agreements and arrangements are particularly important: theEuropean Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), in providing a basis for assessing alternative approaches to integration and liberalization.
Both of these agreements illustrate various characteristics of regionalism. A wide range of other regional arrangements are currently extant. The WTO catalogs over 200 such arrangements
Regionalism provides both positive and negative dimension in the further evolution of the global trade regime. Trade policy practitioners need to be aware of the dense network of specialized bilateral agreements addressing, e.g., investment, export credits, and double taxation.
Throw regional institutes we can distinguish:
European Communities
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) — Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Singapore. (The three remaining members, Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, are applying to join the WTO.)
MERCOSUR, the Southern Common Market (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with Bolivia and Chile as associate members), has a similar set-up.
North American Free Trade Agreement: NAFTA (Canada, US and Mexico).
African Group,
the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group (ACP) and the Latin American Economic System (SELA).
Other institutes:
national governments and their related agencies,
private sector organizations (national and international),
industry associations,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
labour unions,
universities and think tanks,
media organizations,
technical regulators and inspectors,
consumers, and many others
Environmental organisations
Service providers
Church, etc