Билет 1

THE NEW FOREIGN POLICY

by the end of the period England had established some basic principles. henry 7 was trying to remain friendly with neighbouring countries. henry 8 was more ambitious, but less successful. elizabeth considered trade the most important foreign policy matter. henty 7 had built a large fleet of merchant ships. his son henry 8 had spent money on warships and guns, making english guns best in europe.

elizabeth recognised spain as her main trade enemy. spain ruled netherlands , spain and france were rivals, spanish soldiers could only reach the netherlands by sea ( english channel). E helped the dutch protestants to attack spanish ships. E agreed to help them with money and soldiers. it was almost an open declaration of war on spain. english ships had already been attacking spanish ships because of spains refusal to allow England to trade freely with Spanish American colonies. elizabrth encouraged Sea dogs - seamen were traders as well as pirates ( john hawkins, francis drake) .

Philip decided to conquer England in 1587. he built a great fleet of ships an Armada to move his army across the english channel from the netherlands. but in 1587 Francis drake destroyed part of his fleet. english ships were better.Elizabeth encouraged her soldiers. the spanish Armada was defeated . for england it was a glorious moment but it did not lead to an end of the war with spain. peace was only made with spain when Elizabeth died.

THE NEW TRADING EMPIRE

elizabeth followed 2 politics - encouraged english soldiers to attack and destroy spanish ships / encouraged english traders to settle abroad and create colonies.

the 1st english colonists sailed to america towards the end of the century. by 1650 slavery had become an important trade.

also existed Chartered companies . a “charter” gave a company the right to all the business in its particular trade or region. (eastland company, africa company, east india company) .

WALES

Tudors wanted to bring wales, ireland, scotland under english controll.

Henry 7 was half welsh. He named his eldest son arthur . he also brought many welshmen to his court.

Henry’s second son became Henry 8. He did not shared his father’s love of wales. His interest was in power and authority. He wanted the welsh to become english.

English put pressure on the welsh to use an english system of names.

Between 1536-1543 wales became joined to england under one administration. English law was now law of wales. Welshmen entered the english parliament. Welsh language survived because poets and singers continued to use it.

Ireland

Henry 8 wanted to bring ireland under his authotity as he had done with wales. He persuaded the irish parliament to recognise him as king of england. Henry also tried to make the irish accept his english church reformation. In ireland the monasteries and the church were still an important part of economic and social life. Henry 8 failed to get what he wanted in ireland.

During Elizabeth 1’s reign many irish rebelled. Elizabeth’s soldiers treated with them with great cruelt, the rebellion was defeated.

The tudors fought 4 wars during the oeriod th make irish accept their authority and their religion. They destroyed the lod gaelic way of life and introduced english government. Ireland became england’s first important colony.

The colonisation did not make england richer, but it destroyed much of ireland’s society and economy. It also laid the foundations for was btween Protestants and Catholics in Ulster in the second half of 20^th century.

SCOTLAND the Scottish monarchs tried to introduce the same kind of centralised monarchy thet the tudors had developed in England. Scottish economy was weaker, society more lawless. James 4, 5, Mary, james 6 made important steps forward.

Scottish kings usually avoided war with england. But henry 8 still wanted Scotland to accept his authority. In 1513 his army destroyed the scottish army at Flodden.

Disagreement incresed between scottish

• wanted to remain friend with england

• wanted to remain loyal to Auld alliance with france.

Scottish monarch had to find a balance between.

Henry8 reminded the scots that it was dangerous to work against him. James 5 's army was defeated.

Henry wanted to marry his son to the baby queen of scots Mary, but a new scottish parliament turned down the marriage agreement. Little mary married the french king's son.

Билет 2

Mary returned from France to Scotland in 1561. She was Catholic, scotland was Protestant.

The scottish nobles who supported feriendship with England had welcomed Protestantism for both political and economic reasons. The new religion brought scotland closer to england than france. The scottish monarch could take over the great wealth of the church in scotland.

Scots were carefull not to give the monarch authority over the new protestant scottish Churh (kirk). Kirk was a far more democractic organisation than english church. It had no bishops and was governed by a generel assembly. It taught the importance of personal belief and the study of a bible. > education was important.

Protestantism had spread quickly through the scottish universities . the new kirk in scotland disliked mary and her french catholicism.

Mary soon married again, to lord Darnley. Then she got rid of him and merried his murderer, Bothwell. Scottish society was shocked. By her behaviour mary destroyed her chance of inheriting the english throne, soon she was captured and imprisoned. In 1568 she escaped to england, where she was held by Elizabeth for 19 years before she was finally executed.

Билет 3.

During the tudor period there were made important changes in governmen, society, economy. The most far-reaching- changes in ideas ( renaissance) .

TUDOR PARLIAMENTS

The tudor monarchs did not like governing through Parliament. Tudor monarchs understood that using parliament to strenghten their policy, they actually increased parliament's authority. Tudors used parliament because – the needed money and they needed the support of the merchants and landowners.

During the century power moved from the house of lords to the house of commons. The members of parliament in the commons represented richer and more influential classes than the Lords. The old system in the commons with 2 men from each country and 2 from each borough(town) remained the rule. The sixe of commons nearly doubled.

But parliament did not really represent the people.