- •Vygotskian Writings
- •Theoretical Psychology:
- •Lines of orientation of research
- •Experimental designs
- •Crisis and social categorization
- •The paradigm of the relations of property
- •2 Research in progress
- •1. Empirical and case studies
- •Marxian personality psychology
- •Bibliography
- •The Principle of Social Relations and the Principle of Activity**
- •Another crisis in the psychology: a possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom*
- •References
- •Vygotskian implications:
- •Institute for Psychology,
- •Vygotskian implications:
- •On the meaning and its brain
- •Philosophical considerations and brain models
- •The brain model of John Eccles.
- •The logic of natural sciences.
- •The brain model of John Szentagothai.
- •The functional system
- •Conceptions about organizations transcending individual organism
- •The theory of an object-oriented activity.
- •Gibson's ecological perception theory.
- •Territorial behavior.
- •Toward a theory of structures producing meanings
- •1. Territorial behavior as conceived by ethology has nothing to do with a historico-cultural dimension;
- •Derived theoretical features –
- •Производные теоретические очерки
- •Philosophical psychology
- •A dialogue about man, his gene pool and his eccentricity
- •Social psychology
- •Social identity: cognitive dissonance or paradox?
- •Economic psychology
- •How outstanding am I?
- •A measure for social comparison within organizations*
- •How outstanding am I?
- •A measure for social comparison within organizations*
- •The economic psychology of excellence
- •Measure of Outstanding Social Identity
- •Calculation and intuition.
- •The competitor's costs and profit
- •Determining economic activity in a post-capitalist system
- •Institute of Psychology of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- •Is a rational socio-economic system possible?
- •Двa мeждунaродных конгрeссa по психологии: сeнсaция и кризис
- •Психолог – тожe чeловeк
- •Aртeфaкты в психологичeском экспeримeнтировaнии
- •Выготский: aльтeрнaтивa шизофрeнии психологии?
- •ЛиTеPatypa
- •Диада Выготского и четвериада Рубинштейна
- •O значении и его мозговом аппарате
- •Философские соображения и модели мозга
- •Функциональная система
- •Концепции формирований, превосходящих индивидуальный организм
- •К теории структур, производящих значениe
- •Ещë один кризис в психологии!
- •Возможнaя причинa шумного успехa идей л. C. Выготского
- •Л. Гaрaи, м. Кëчки
- •Двa междунaродных конгрессa по психологии: сенсaция и кризис
- •Психолог – тоже человек
- •Aртефaкты в психологическом экспериментировaнии
- •Выготский: aльтернaтивa шизофрении психологии?
- •Цитировaннaя литeрaтурa
- •Вaсилий Дaвыдов и судьбы нaшей теории
Calculation and intuition.
It is worth to compare values obtained by the application of the MOSI with those expected intuitively. Let's calculate, e. g., the value of the shared 2-4. place in a group of N = 10, then the same value for a population of N = 1000, comparing those values with those of both the preceding (1. place) and the following (5. place) position:
|
N = 10 |
N = 1000 |
1. place |
1 |
3 |
shared 2-3-4. Place |
0,35 |
2,40 |
5. place |
0,08 |
2,30 |
The difference 3 – 2,40 – 2,30 what we get for the values in N = 1000 is much more moderate than the one 1 – 0,35 – 0,08 for the values in N = 10. And this is what would be expected by our intuition, the 5th place when N = 1000 being almost as distinguished a position as the shared 2-3-4th place, while when N = 10 the difference between the quite mediocre 5th place and the shared 2-3-4th one that is closer to the top must be more significant.
However, economic psychologists have known for quite a time that there may be also a divergence between what is implied by the economic rationality as calculated by a mathematical formula and the psychological intuition.
Such divergence has already been described by Bernoulli in the St. Petersburg paradox. Allais took this a step further by describing the paradox named after him. According to this, psychological intuition diverges not only from economic rationality, but also from a psychological rationality, which would mean that the divergence from a mathematically calculated result could itself be calculated mathematically.
The basis for the latter calculation would be the expectation that psychological intuition is consistent. In contrast, Allais found that the consistency assumed by Bernoulli and his followers does not exist; our intuition diverges from the rational differently in the direct vicinity of full certainty (where it prefers profit occurring at a greater level of probability even when the aggregate sum of all the positive cases is smaller) than in the domain that is far from certainty (where greater profits are preferred, despite the fact that the aggregate is decreased by the small probability of occurrence).
The measure of outstanding social identity to be discussed in this paper aims to give an approximation of such a divergence of second degree: from a degree rationally expected for a divergence from rational calculations. For this reason we attempt to trace deviant intuition with subsequent corrections.
A difficulty is, for example, that the differences resulting from the comparisons of the positions at the bottom end of a ranking within a group as calculated in the way given above is not in accord with the estimates stemming from our intuition. Namely, for such a calculation a population would be symmetrical, where differences between the rankings at the top of the scale should correspond to those at the bottom: in a group of N = 10, for instance, where the values of the first and second place equal, as we have seen it, 1 and 0,65, respectively, the values for the last and the second last place would similarly be calculated as -1 and -0,65 though for our intuition the difference between these places is smaller. In fact it is more so in a population of N = 1000 where for our intuition there is almost no difference between being placed as 999th or as 1000th.
Hence, a correction has to be done to the calculated symmetry, and the larger the population in question the most powerful must be that correction. For such a correction we divide the stigmatizing value by logN+1 (that is, by 2 if N=10, by 4 in the case N=1000 etc.). Thus, the corrected formula is:
logpa - logpb/(logN+1)
Unfortunately, this formula is more complicated than the simplified one we have employed up till now; on the other hand, it is worth looking at the following table and seeing the values obtained so far for the two populations examined.
Position |
N = 10 |
N = 1000 |
1. place |
1 |
3 |
shared 1-2. Place |
0,7 |
2,7 |
2. place} |
0,68 |
2,7 |
shared 2-4. Place |
0,375 |
2,4 |
5. place |
0,19 |
2,3 |
second last place |
-0,30 |
-0,67 |
last place |
-0,50 |
-0,75 |
In the figures indicating values we may get rid of a good deal of unwieldy decimal fractions by multiplying all of them (arbitrarily but consistently) by 100:
Position |
N = 10 |
N = 1000 |
1. place |
100 |
300 |
shared 1-2. Place |
70 |
270 |
2. place |
68 |
270 |
shared 2-4. Place |
37,5 |
240 |
5. place |
19 |
230 |
second last place |
-30 |
-67,5 |
last place |
-50 |
-75 |