I. Вставьте местоимения some или any.

1. There are ... applied fields of economics in which specialists are interested.

2. Does this developing country require ... help in order to build new plants and factories?

3. It is important for... enterprise to have ... markets for its goods.

4. For the last five years the plant hasn't bought ... new equipment.

5. As the firm doesn't spend ... money on new technologies it isn't a successful competitor in the market.

6. Do we have ... fuel to drive to the nearest petrol station?

7. People require ... time to find new sources of energy.

8. Is there ... rise in the consumption of this new good?

9. This good doesn't have... characteristics which distinguish it from other goods in the market.

ПРИЧАСТИЕ II КАК ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ К СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОМУ

produced goods

производимые/ произведенные товары

written books

написанные книги

II. Из слов, данных ниже, образуйте словосочетания с причастием II в качестве определения к существительному. Переведите их на русский язык:

to develop — market, to use — labour, to predict — situation, to study — data, to reach — progress, to sell — foodstuffs, to increase — population

причастный оборот
goods produced at the plant товары, производимые/ произведенные на этом заводе books written by the famous economist книги, написанные известным экономистом
III. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосоче­тания с причастным оборотом: services provided by the company; models made by economists; relationships studied by them; trade developed by these two countries; crops grown in the area; income distributed among many people СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ В НАСТОЯЩЕМ СОВЕРШЕННОМ ВРЕМЕНИ
HAVE/ HAS + BEEN + ГЛАГОЛ + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов — Причастие И) The goods have been sold. Товары проданы.
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
I/You/ We/ They	have	been	asked to make a report. taught economics.
He/ She/ It	has
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
1/You/We/They	have not (haven't)	been	asked to make a report. taught economics.
He/ She/ It	has not (hasn't)

			ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Have		I/ you/ we/ they		been		asked to make a report? taught economics?
Has		he/ she it
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ: Yes, we have. No, they haven't. Yes, she has. No, he hasn't. СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
What	have		I/ you/ we/ they		been		asked to do? taught at the University?
	has		he/ she/ it

IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настоя­щего совершенного времени в страдательном залоге.

1. The degree of concentration (to increase) in this country recently.

2. Prices of electricity (to raise) already twice this year.

3. New wind and water energy sources (to develop).

4. Applied fields of economics (to teach) to students of different universities.

5. A high living standard (not/to reach) in most developing countries yet.

6. How the degree of competition (to influence) by the increase in the number of firms in the industry?

7. No changes (to make) to distinguish the new product from identical products.

8. How much money (to give) by the World Bank to the developing countries?

9. Good education (to provide) for most part of population.

TEXT APPLIED FIELDS OF ECONOMICS

There is a basic theory and facts in economics, in which all economists are interested. However, economics has some main applied fields that deal with specific topics, such as industrial economics, agricultural economics, economics of energy, economics of education, labour economics, etc.

Industrial organization and structure are studied by industrial economics which also analyzes markets for manufactured goods as well as policies of various enterprises. The degree of concentration and barriers against new competitors in the market have already been analyzed by industrial economics for such important branches of economy as mining, gas and оД industries, etc. The behaviour of firms and companies in an industry is influenced by the structure of the industry. Both profits and losses in any industry are affected by the behaviour of firms and companies engaged in the industry.

The economics of energy is known as another important field of applied economics closely connected with industrial economics. A lot of energy has been used by the modern economy in recent decades. Farms, factories, plants, transportation as well as families have greatly increased the consumption of various sources of energy since new modern equipment and technologies were introduced.

In the past, wood and coal were used as the main sources of energy. Then, these sources were replaced by gas and oil in most industries. However, in the 1970s energy sources became scarce and there was a rise in energy prices. Since that time serious adjustments have been made by industrial economies in order to cope with the energy scarcity.

For the last few decades the problems of energy economics have been discussed by specialists and governments in many

countries. Regular meetings are held by the OPEC*formed in order to regulate oil prices.

Пояснения к тексту

*OPEC — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries — ОПЕК (Организация стран — экспортеров нефти)