Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

death, vital, state, exhibit, nature

1. Plato believed that the ideal ................ comprises members of three distinct classes: rulers, soldiers, and the people.2. In a particularly influential section of the Ethics, Aristotle considered the role of human relationships in general and friendship in particular as a ................ element in the good life.3. The Hellenistic schools of philosophy .................. less confidence and propose solutions less radical than their Athenian predecessors had in the golden era.4. Pythagoreans believed that the soul "transmigrates" into other living bodies at ...................5. Because ethics is a practical rather than a theoretical science, Aristotle also gave careful consideration to the aspects of human ................. involved in acting and accepting moral responsibility

2. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в правильной видовременной форме. Укажите время и залог, которое вы употребили. Предложения переведите.

1. As Socrates had argued in the Apology, the only opinion that counts is not that of the majority of people generally, but rather that of the one individual who truly (to know, to be known). 2. Thus, an application of careful techniques of reasoning (to result, to be resulted) in genuine progress in the resolution of a philosophical issue. 3. Epicurus (to hold, to be held)that the proper goal of human life is to achieve mental ease and freedom from pain.4. The goodness of the entire universe, Aristotle supposed, (to reside, to be resided) in its teleological unity as the will of a single intelligent being.5. The elderly, wealthy Cephalus (to suggest, to be suggested) that justice involves nothing more than telling the truth and repaying one's debts

3. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув в них модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Предложения переведите.

1. The ethical thinkers focussed upon the life of the individual, independently of the society, describing the kinds of character and action that might enable a person to live well despite the prevailing political realities. 2. Philosophers tried to show how we should live when circumstances beyond our control seem to render pointless everything we try to accomplish. 3. The Hellenistic Epicurus held that we have no reason to complain of the fact that human life must come to an end. 4. Unable to achieve certainty about the general structure of the world, human beings ought to practice suspension of judgment, which is the only rational response to situations in which they are ignorant. 5. Plato's The Republic can be read in several different ways: as a treatise on political theory and practice, as a pedagogical handbook, or as a defence of ethical conduct

4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.

1. Aristotle, unlike his teacher, Plato, supposed that the extravagant representation of powerful emotions is beneficial to the individual citizen, providing an opportunity for the cathartic release of unhealthy feelings rather than encouraging their development. 2.Every activity has a final cause, the good at which it aims, and Aristotle argued that since there cannot be an infinite regress of merely extrinsic goods, there must be a highest good at which all human activity ultimately aims. 3.Because ethics is a practical rather than a theoretical science, Aristotle also gave careful consideration to the aspects of human nature involved in acting and accepting moral responsibility. 4. The Law of Excluded Middle in logic states the necessity that either an assertion or its negation must be true, and this entails that there is no profound indeterminacy in the realm of reality. 5. Since each human being is a microcosm of the universe as a whole, they supposed, it is possible to employ the same methods of study to both life and nature equally