- •Lecture 5 typological characteristics of the verb in english and ukrainian
- •2. Ways of expressing morphological categories of the verb in the contrasted languages
- •Ways of realization of morphological categories in English and Ukrainian
- •3. Typological characteristics of modal words and phrases/modals
- •Typology of the non-finite forms/verbals
- •Infinitive
- •Typological characteristics of the adverb
- •Tasks for Seminar self-preparing work
- •Typological characteristics of functional words
- •Typological characteristics of prepositions
- •Typology of the conjunction
- •3. Typological characteristics of particles
- •Typological characteristics of interjections/emotives
Infinitive
Ukrainian |
English |
|
|
Morphological divergences |
|
||
|
1. Eng. Inf. has categories of voice, aspect, order (table 1) |
|
|
2. ending -ти, -ть -тися, -ться нести, кричати, говорити; орать, сіять, думать.
|
2. has a determiner word-morpheme “to” |
|
|
3. Diminutive suff. are of all. nature їстоньки, спатоньки, питоньки, питусі; І їстоньки не їм, і питоньки не п’ю, та виглядаю все зозуленьку мою.
|
3. diminutive suffixes – NO |
|
|
allomorphism |
|
|
|
4. The Infinitive in Ukrainian has no perfect passive form; no continuous aspect form (to be sleeping) no perfect active and perfect passive of Part I pertained to English (having been asked)
5. |
Forms (see table 1) |
|
|
isn’t available |
5. Word morpheme to isn’t used in some surroundings. (Shall work, can go, you’d rather be in time)
|
|
|
6. Is not available
|
6. split infinitive: It’s necessary to somehow arrange it. (Треба це якось влаштувати.)
|
|
|
7. Isn’t used this way at all. |
7. to some times can be used instead of inf. He wants me to go but I don’t want to.
|
|
|
8. Ukr. Inf. has no such category |
8. Peculiarity of English inf. is the availability of category of order (is tense relative not absolute) e.g. I’m glad to see you I’m glad to have seen you I’m glad to be speaking to you. I’m glad to have been working with for a long time.
|
|
|
General conclusion: Ukrainian direct equivalents can be found only in active and passive forms of the indefinite inf. |
|
||
писати бути написаним |
to ask to be asked
|
|
|
Though in Ukrainian pass. inf. is rarely used. That’s why in translation should be substituted by sub. clause. e.g. They want to be invited. Вони хотять, щоб їх запросили (а не бути запрошеними).
|
|
||
Syntactic divergences: Allomorphic |
|
||
1. Inf. is used in Imperative Mood. Мовчати! Достроково перевиконати план!
|
Eng. Inf. Isn’t used in such form Silence (іменник) |
|
|
2. Ukr. Inf. isn’t used in such func. Sub. clauses are predominantly used. Він людина, яка зробить це. |
Allomorphic features of English inf. 1. Inf. is used in the function of an attribute. e.g. the conference to open (конференція, яка повинна початися) The sum to be paid (сума, яка має бути виплачена)
|
|
|
3. in Ukr. in similar cases we use sub. clauses or simple sentences with word не видно, мабуть.---------------- ____ |
3. Inf. can make complexes (Complex object Prep. Inf. Complex.)
|
|
|
4. ----------------- ____ |
4. Inf. is used as a predicative complement after the verb to be. e.g. The task of the boy was to open the door. e.g. To see her was to love her.
|
|
|
5. ____
|
5. Passive and perfect forms of the infinitive is widely used in Engl. Esp. after terminative verbs: He only asked to be left alone. He must have come.
|
|
|
6. In some cases doer of an action is not mentioned. e. g. Я наказала (йому) відчинити вікно. |
5. Inf. can form predicative relations with certain common: He’s the man to do it. I want him to care. I ordered him to open the door. Doer is obligatory mentioned.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Щоб я це зробив! Ніколи! |
7. I, do it. Never! (predicate without link. verb).
|
|
|
2. Participle |
|
||
Ukrainian |
English |
|
|
In an attributive function Part. corresponds to Ukrainian дієприкметник. But in a function of on adv. mod. It correspondents to Ukr. дієприслівник. That’s why the term “дієприкметник” is relative, not absolute.
|
|
||
1. Part. has fewer forms |
1.Part. is characterized by a great variety of forms
|
|
|
Читаюча жінка (дієприслівник теп. часу) та, яка читає (описовий зворот, дієприкметник) |
As an attributive reading woman as an adv. mod. Reading he was sitting in an armchair. |
|
|
коли мене запитали (дієслівний описовий зворот: verbal descriptive word – group) будучи запитаним (дієприслівник) |
being asked (as an adv.mod.) |
|
|
2. Дієприкметник: Розбита чашка 3. закінчивши (дієприслівник минулого часу) (після того, як я закінчив) (дієприслівниковий описовий зворот) |
2. as an attributive broken cup 3. Perfective Part. having finished |
|
|
4. Дієпр.has voice and tense distinctions |
4. Participle has the category of order (simultaneousness a priority of on action) with non-terminative or terminative verbs. He looked at the broken cup. He was respected and loved by everybody. (non-terminative verbs) |
|
|
5. Дієпр. has the category of aspect (depending on the category of finite form) |
5. Eng. Participle has voice and order. The cat. of aspect is expressed slightly. |
||
|
|
||
6. Дієпр. has the categories of gender, number and case (allom). |
6. Part. has no gender, number and case distinctions |
||
7. Дієпр. Is formed in a synthetic way |
7.is formed analytically |
||
|
8. Part. can form Absolute Part. Complex |
||
8. ? Дієприкметник теперішнього часу: Виконуючий, правлячий, лежачий, сидячий. |
growing, fulfilling, ruling |
||
Дієприкметник минулого часу: -л-: осиротілий, зітлілий, схудлий (той, що схуд). |
who became thin who wrote |
||
Пасивні дієприкметники теперішнього часу в сучасній українській мові не утворюються: (обговорюване питання) |
the questions being discussed discussed question; |
||
Пасивний дієприкметник минулого часу: суф. -т-, -н-, -ян- (-єн-) натесаний, згаданий, вжитий |
written, mentioned |
||
Дієприкметник пасивного стану теперішнього часу Дієприкметник has categories of gender, number, case. |
a) being discussed (action going or at present)
b) discussed (action repeated usual)
Part II (written mentioned, used) |
||
Дієприкметник has categories of tense, aspect and voice д рукують – друкуючи сміються – сміючись aspect сидять – сидячі відмовив – відмовивши пообіцяв – пообіцявши приїхав – приїхавши |
Category of tense is relative one. |
||
Дієприслівник недок. виду пишучи, співаючи |
Participle I writing, singing |
||
дієприслівник +ся
використовуються |
being used |
||
Дієприслівник докон. виду
принісши, прочитавши, закінчивши |
Perfect participle
Having brought Having finished |
||
дієприкметник активного. стану: Він стояв, прихилившись до стіни. Напишіть мені, вказавши причину. |
Participle I He stood leaning against the wall. Write me stating the reason. |
||
Дієприслівник Кинувши диск вдруге він встановив новий рекорд. Виконавши завдання він повернувся додому. Ви мені дуже допомогли, давши ваші записи.
Він пішов не сказавши й слова. |
Герундій
On throwing the discus a second time he set a new record. After fulfilling his task he returned home. You have helped me greatly by giving me your note. He left without saying a word. |
||
Слова категорії стану |
Statives |
||
Statives is group of words with prefix a + noun a verb stem. |
|||
|
aboard, ablaze, afraid alike |
||
The difference is in that fact that (after prof. Illish): |
|||
Russian state is action
|
English state is attribute, quality he is silent he is angry he is jealous he is late |
||
|
Gerund. |
||
1.читати inf. Inf. denotes substance |
1. I like reading. |
||
2.noun or дієприслівник плавання |
Swimming is useful. |
||
3. Немає надії, що ми побачимось з ним у цьому році |
There is no hope of our seeing him this year. |