4. Typology of the non-finite forms/verbals

The nomenclature of verbals in the contrasted languages inclu­des some common and some divergent forms. Common are the infinitive and the two participles; divergent are the gerund in English and the diyepryslivnyk in Ukrainian. Far from identical are the morphological categories pertaining to these non-finite forms of the verb. Thus, verbals from transitive verbs have the following categorial distinctions in these two languages (table 2).

Table 2

Verbal	English	Ukrainian
Infinitive	active: to ask passive: to be asked	актианий: запитувати пасивний: бути запитаним
Non-progressive	active perfect: to have asked passive perfect: to have been asked	Недоконаного виду: лить, їсти доконаного виду: змити, зацвісти, поспатки, попоїсти
Progressive infini­tive	active: to be asking Perfect: to have been asking	___
Gerund	active: asking passive: being asked active perfect: having asked passive having been perfect: asked	Дієприслівник Активний теперішнього часу: йдучи, маючи, знаючи; активний минулого часу: йшовши, мавши, знавши
Participle I	Present active: asking passive: being asked Perfect active: having asked Perfect passive: having been asked	Дієприкметник активний теперішнього часу: читаючий, -а, -е, мигаючий, -а, -е активний минулого часу: пере­мігший, здолавший
Participle ІІ	Passive past: asked, made	пасивний минулого часу: запро­шений, пройдений

The tabulated forms of verbals testify to the existence of allomorphisms both in their structural forms and in their categorical meanings... Thus, the English infinitive is always distinguished by its determiner "to" (to come, to be asked, to be doing), whereas the Ukrainian infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -ти, -ть, -тись, -тися. The suffix -ти is always added to the stem ending in a consonant (бігти, везти, сісти), and the suffix -ть, like the suffix -тися/-тись, may be added to a stem ending either in a vowel or in a consonant (/носити/носить, носитися/носитись, їхати/їхать, сіяти/сіять).

Specifically Ukrainian is the diminutive form of the infinitive formed by combined suffixes: спатки, спатоньки, спатусі, спатусеньки, купці, купоньки, сістоньки.

Allomorphism is observed in the categorical meanings of the infinitive and the participle. The infinitive in Ukrainian has no perfect (perfective) passive form, no continuous aspect form; no perfect active and, perfect passive of Participle I pertaining to English.

The gerund and the diyepryslivnyk present allomorfic verbals and they can not be contrasted in any way. The gerund has both verbal and noun characteristics, the former being those of tense and voice (as­king-being asked, having asked — having been asked). The noun characteristics of the gerund find their expression in the functions in the sentence as subject, object, predicative, and as an adverbial modi­fier of manner, eg: The rain poured down without ceasing (Maugham). On arriving al the garden entrance, he stopped to look at the view. (Galsworthy). The gerund can also be a complex part of the sentence (exemplified in the next chapter). Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk as an indeclinable verbal my be a) non-perfective or present and b) perfective or past. These may be formed, respectively, from the present stem of the verb or from the infinitive of both the transitive and the intransiti­ve verbs. The imperfective (present) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the present stem of the verb belonging to the first declension by adding the suffix -учи/-ючи: нес/уть/; -учи: несучи; працю/ють/: -ючи — пра­цюючи. Cf. Слухаючи їх жартівливу розмову,уверне слівце і од себе (Нечуй-Левицький).

Perfective (past) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the infinitival stems with the help of the suffix -ши, added to the stem ending in a con­sonant, or the suffix, -вши, added to the stem of perfective and non-perfective verbs ending in a consonant: донес/ти + -ши — донісши; привез/ти/ + -ши — привізши, знавши, пивши, ївши. When the infini­tival stem ends in a vowel, the suffix -вши is added: здола /ти/ + -вши — здолавши; побачи/ти/ + -вши — побачивши. Устромив­ши люльку в рот і закривши очі, він ще потроху пахкав. (Мирний)

Perfective and imperfective diyepryslivnyks may also be formed from verbs having the suffix -ся / -сь: Хвилюючись, все ще не опам'я­тавшись, солдат розповідав про себе. (Гончар)

The semantic and functional equivalents to the imperfective (pre­sent) and perfective (past) diyepryslivnyks in English are indefinite or perfect participles (both active and passive) performing the functions of the adverbial modifiers of time: "...while working so hard he needed sea air" (Galsworthy); attending circumstances: Clara sat in the cool parlour reading. (Lawrence); cause: "Being tired he thought of sleep." (J. K. Jerome); result: ...having seen all that was to be seen he came out. (Galsworthy), etc.

The functions of the infinitive and the participles in the sentence generally coincible in both languages, though Ukrainian participles have gender, number and case distinctions, eg: працюючий, працююча, працююче (колесо), працюючі /працюючого, -му, -им, etc. Also the English infinitive and participle may form complex parts of the sentence which are alien to Ukrainian, eg: He was seen to go/going home. We heard him sing/singing. It is easy for us to decide. The lesson (being) over, they went home.

Comparison of English and Ukrainian verbals. Summing up.