Ex.6. Translate into English.

1. Чистый воздух необходим для окружающей среды. 2. Загрязненный воздух содержит частицы, которые причиняют вред здоровью. 3. Сжигание топлива вызывает загрязнение воздуха. 4. Некоторые города сталкиваются с проблемой смога в течение многих лет. 5. Загрязнение воздуха может влиять на людей, вызывая болезни. 6. Постепенное изменение климата может вызвать таяние ледников и привести к затоплению прибрежных территорий. 7. Кислотный дождь – это еще одно серьезное последствие загрязнения воздуха. Он разрушает леса, почву, воду и здания. 8. Загрязнение наносит вред озоновому слою атмосферы. Этот слой загрязняет землю от вредного солнечного излучения.

   Ex. 7. Read and translate the text. Write 5 special questions to it.

   SMOG

This word is commonly used to describe the pall of automotive or industrial origin that lies over many cities, and its composition is variable. The term was probably first used in 1905 by H.A.

Des Voeux to describe atmospheric conditions over many British towns.

There are two distinct types of smog: sulfurous smog and photochemical smog. Sulfurous smog results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides in the air and is caused by the use of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, particularly coal. This type of smog is aggravated by dampness and a high concentration of suspended particulate matter in the air.

Photochemical smog, which occurs most prominently in urban areas that have large numbers of automobiles, requires neither smoke nor fog. This type of smog has its origin in the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon vapours emitted by automobiles and other sources. The highly toxic gas ozone arises from the reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbon vapours in the presence of sunlight, and some nitrogen dioxide is produced from the reaction of nitrogen oxide with sunlight. The resulting smog causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere, reduced visibility, plant damage, irritation of the eyes, and respiratory distress.

Text 8. The Ozone Layer and the Greenhouse Effect

Memorize the words and expressions:

troposphere, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, radiation, vapor, stratosphere, ionosphere, chlorofluorocarbon, fluid, degree, heavily populated regions, account for, break down, global warming, permanently, melt, emission, reduce

The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds the earth. It consists of a number of gases: troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere. The lower part of stratosphere contains a band of warm gas called the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs very shortwave ultraviolet radiation – that is the harmful, burning rays from the sun. These rays kill plants and cause burns, skin cancer and cataracts in animals and man. The ozone layer protects us from these damaging effects. The man-made chemicals chlorofluorocarbons break up ozone molecules. CFCs occur in some aerosols (deodorants, hair sprays and cleaning fluids and the cooling mechanism of refrigerators). CFCs have already caused a large hole in the ozone layer.

Another environmental problem in the atmosphere is the greenhouse effect. The sun’s energy arrives as shortwave radiation; some of this is reflected away in the clouds and upper atmosphere and some is absorbed into the ground. About 5 percent of the energy is reflected off the earth’s surface as longwave radiation. Certain gases in the upper troposphere reflect this longwave radiation back to earth. The greenhouse effect is very important, if it didn’t occur at all, the temperature on the planet would be 40 degrees lower and the oceans would freeze. But an increase in the greenhouse effect may lead to global warming. The higher average temperatures can cause dramatic changes in the weather. A rise in the earth’s average temperature of only one or two degrees would probably melt large expanses of ice in the Arctic and Antarctic and raise sea level, many heavily populated regions would be permanently flooded.

We cannot see, hear, taste or smell the earth’s atmosphere, but it gives us vital oxygen protects us from damaging solar radiation and stabilizes the earth’s climate. We must try to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases today.

Ex.1. Find English equivalents:

1. пыль

1. dust b) haze c) sleet

2. таять

1. freeze b) melt c) cool

3. производство

1. manufacture b) manufacturing c) output

4. насчитывать

1. count b) account c) countless

5. защищать

1. watch b) protect c) protector

Ex.2. Match the following words and word combinations with the Russian equivalents from the opposite column:

surround	а) частица
surface	b) происходить, случаться
particle	c) побочный продукт
man-made	d) обеспечивать
occur	e) прохладный
average	f) эмиссия
by-product	g) разлагать на составные части
fossil fuel	h) отсутствие
provide	i) твердое топливо
emission	j) средний
absence	k) искусственный
decompose	l) окружать
cool	m) поверхность

Ex.3. Say if the information is true, false or not mentioned in the text.

1. The air we breathe consists mainly of oxygen.

2. The air is thinner in the ionosphere than in the stratosphere.

3. Chlorofluorocarbons are the main factor in the greenhouse effect.

4. Without the greenhouse effect the climate on the earth would be much colder.

5. The sun’s energy reaches the earth as infra-red radiation.

6. If there is a rise in temperature of one or two degrees, the sea level will rise about 2 millimeters a year.

Ex.4. Answer the questions:

1. What is the atmosphere?

2. What does the troposphere contain?

3. What does ozone absorb?

4. What layer protects us from damaging effects?

5. What rays kill plants and cause burns, skin cancer and cataracts in animals and man?

6. Where do CFCs occur?

7. What is the greenhouse effect?

8. What is the cause of the greenhouse effect?

9. What does the atmosphere provide us with?

Ex.5. Retell the text using the following statements as a plan:

1. the composition of the atmosphere;

2. the ozone layer;

3. the man-made chemicals chlorofluorocarbons break up ozone molecules;

4. another environmental problem in the atmosphere is the greenhouse effect;

5. the higher average temperatures produced by global warming can cause dramatic changes in the weather;

6. the earth’s atmosphere provides vital oxygen, protects from damaging radiation.

TEXT 9. WATER.

Memorize the words and expressions:

ice, liquid, admixture, property, density, freezing (boiling) point, nuclear reactor, biochemical, complicated, destructive, stable, glacier, water vapor, sunshine, to evaporate, evaporation, photosynthesis, water cycle, transpiration, to exceed, to increase, intentionally, to discharge, effluent, to cause, leakage, bleached, accident, sewage, overgrowth, fission, saturation

Water really is a substance number 1 in our life. H₂O! One atom of oxygen plus two atoms of hydrogen. Probably one of the first chemical formulas you ever learn. It is difficult to imagine life without water. That is why people attribute magic properties to water and call it the "water of life" or life-giving water.

Water is the great fraud. There are 3 phases of water: ice, liquid and gas. It boils at 100°C and freezes at 0°C. There are many admixtures in the water and they change its properties. Water molecular is polar.

There are 3 isotopes of hydrogen: protium (H₂O), deuterium (D₂0). tritium (T₂O). They could be mixed together. For example an atom of protium and an atom of deuterium (HDO). There are also 3 isotopes of oxygen: oxygen-16, oxygen-17. oxygen-18. Taking into account these varieties of oxygen and hydrogen there are 12 kinds of water. These waters have different densities and different freezing and boiling points. Deuterium is also called the heavy water and it is used in nuclear reactors for moderating neutrons which cause uranium fission.

Water is the greatest chemist in the world. No natural process takes place without it - be it the formation of a new mineral or a highly complicated biochemical reaction taking place in the organism of a plant and an animal. For instance in photosynthesis, in transport (osmosis and osmotic pressure), in reproduction. There is no rock on the earth that can resist the destructive action of the water.

The Earth's supply of water is stable and is used over and over again. Most of the water (98%) is present in oceans, lakes and streams. Of the remaining 2 %, some frozen in the polar ice and glaciers; some is found in the soil, some is in the atmosphere as water vapor and some is in the bodies of living organisms.

Sunshine evaporates water from the oceans, lakes and streams, from the moist soil surface and from the bodies of living organisms, drawing the water back up into the atmosphere, from which it falls again as rain. Evaporation exceeds precipitation over the oceans, resulting in a net movement of water vapor, carried by wind, from the ocean to the land. Over 90% of the water lost on the land is by plant transpiration (evaporation of water from the soil plus transpiration from plants is called evapotranspiration). This constant movement of water from the earth into the atmosphere and back again is known as the water cycle. The water cycle is driven by solar energy.

The volume of both industrial and domestic waste has increased dramatically over the 50 years. Water pollution from industry can occur intentionally, when factories discharge their effluents directly into rivers, lakes, oceans, or when accidents cause leakage of toxic waste into the water supply. Dioxin presents in bleached paper products such as disposable diapers, toilet paper and coffee filters. Another pollutant waste of water is oil. Some of it comes from accidents, some from deliberate washing of tanks at sea and some from industrial effluents. Oil coasts the feathers of the sea birds and the scales of fish. It also reduces the level of oxygen dissolved in the water. Acid rain is another important cause of water pollution. It destructs the aquatic life and it is influence on fish and other living organisms. They become toxic. Another cause is thermal pollution. Industries which used water for cooling increase the temperature of nearby rivers and lakes by 5-10 degrees. In addition, together with domestic sewage and artificial fertilizers, it promotes overgrowth of bacteria and algae by eutrophication and disrupts the aquatic ecosystem.

Glossary:

deuterium - дейтерий, тяжелый водород

protium - протий, легкий, обычный водород

tritium - тритий, водород сверхтяжелый

eutrophication – эвтрофикация ( зарастание водоема водорослями )

Ex.1. Answer the questions:

1. How many phases of water do you know?

2. What is the formula of water?

3. What is deuterium?

4. Why is water the greatest chemist in the world?

5. What is water cycle?

6. What are the main volumes of waste?

7. What kinds of industry waste do you know?

8. Why are domestic sewage and artificial fertilizers dangerous to the aquatic ecosystem?

Ex.2. Find pairs of synonyms:

condition current hydrogen oxide importance burn cool artificial dangerous commonly exactly point of view cover marked in this way quarter surface vapor heat strict

to warm up usually water steam stream viewpoint synthetic to fire rigorous to hide significance the outer part precisely to chill hazardous the 4th part of a whole noted state thus

Ex.3. Find pairs of antonyms:

the commonest like simple usually new single many decomposition to obtain possible easy dangerous artificial strict

impossible the most unusual old common few exceptionally to lose natural unlike integration complicated secure lenient difficult

Ex. 4. Correct the mistakes:

1. Some people say that water has magic properties and call her the “water of life”.

2. Deuterium calls the heavy water and uses in nuclear reactors.

3. Water is a greatest chemist in the world.

4. Water is used in highly complicatid biochemical reactions.

5. Some water is freezed in the polar ice and glaciers.

6. Solar energy drive the water cycle.

7. Oil reduces the level of oxygen dissolved on the water.

8. The overgrowth of bacteria are promoted by domestic sewage and artificial fertilizers.

9. Acid rain is a very important course of pollution.

10. There isn’t no rock on the earth that can resist the destructive action of water.

Ex.5. Read the text again. Which of the following statements are not true according to the information in the text?

1. Water is a pure substance.

2. Water is very important in human life.

3. Water can be taken from a number of sources.

4. Sunshine plays an important role in water cycle.

5. Very large amounts of freshwater are locked up in the ice-caps of the world.

6. Contamination of water can seriously damage eco­systems.

7. Oil is the main source of water pollution.

Ex.6. Speak about:

• properties of water

• functions of water

• distribution of water

• water cycle

• types of water pollution

Text 10. WATER POLLUTION

Memorize the words and expressions:

ocean, lake, river, stream, waste, to dump, garbage, to absorb, quantity, source, sewer, sewage, chemical, to foul, nevertheless, industrial, poisonous, to pour, fertilizer, to seep, groundwater, algae, oxygen, sunlight, to penetrate, to fail, especially

The world's oceans, lakes, rivers, and streams have long been used to get rid of waste. People dump tons of garbage of all kinds into bodies of water every year. Bacteria and other organisms in water are able to absorb or break down many materials, especially organic matter (the matter of living or dead bodies of plants and animals). Nevertheless, materials sometimes build up in quantities great enough to affect plant and animal life in the water. This is water pollution.

Some sources of water pollution are easy to see. Factories sometimes turn waterways into open sewers by dumping oils, poisonous chemicals, and other harmful industrial wastes into them. Some cities and towns foul streams by pouring sewage, or waste-carrying water, into them.

Other causes of water pollution are not so direct. The use of chemical fertilizers in farming is one example. A fertilizer is a substance added to soil to help crops grow. When chemical fertilizers seep into the ground, they can make the groundwater unfit to drink. And when they drain into a body of water, they create another kind of pollution by causing a buildup of nutrients that plants use to grow. These nutrients cause rapid growth of algae in the water. When the algae die, oxygen is needed to break them down. This creates a shortage of oxygen in the water, which causes the death of fish and other forms of life.

Sedimentation also pollutes water. Sediment is a material made up of particles of rock and soil. As it collects in the water, it fills water-supply reservoirs and reduces the amount of sunlight that can penetrate the water. Without sufficient sunlight, the plants that normally provide the water with oxygen fail to grow.

Glossary:

to get rid of – избавиться

waste-carrying water – вода, содержащая нечистоты

sedimentation – осаждение, оседание, седиментация

water-supply reservoir – водохранилище

Ex.1. Find root words:

health, sewage, sediment, chemical, fertilizer, form, healthy, penetration, to grow, sewer, chemist, to form, to fertilize, to penetrate, chemistry, formation, growth, penetrated, chemically, fertilization, formally, sedimentation

Ex.2. Translate into English:

загрязнение, загрязнять, загрязнитель; влияние, влиять; ядовитый, яд, отравлять; химия, химический, химик; здоровье, здоровый, нездоровый; вред, вредить (причинять вред), вредный; питание, питательное вещество; обеспечивать, обеспечение, обеспеченный; производить, производитель, производство, производительность; экология, эколог, экологический, экологически; потребитель, потреблять; рост, расти

Ex.3. Find pairs of synonyms:

rapid	foul
substance	lack
to dump	c) lead to
sewage	d) agriculture
pollution	e) stone
seep	f) think
to cause	g) to pour
sufficient	h) toxic
normally	i) enough
rock	j) wastes
provide	k) penetrate
shortage	l) contamination
farming	m) usually
make dirty	n) matter
consider poisonous	o) give p) fast

Ex.4. Find English equivalents:

1. защищать

a) watch b) protect c) protector

2. ядовитый

a) toxic b) harmful c) poison

3. опасный

a) terrible b) dangerous c) harmful

4. удобрения

a) compost b) humus c) fertilizer

5. содержать

a) keep b) hold c) contain

6. вымирание

1. extinction b) ending c) termination

7. проникать

1. penetrate b) get c) turn

8. воздействовать, влиять

a) cause b) affect c) effect

9. разложение, распад

a) decay b) decaying c) compost

10. почва

1. earth b) ground c) soil

Ex.5. Find the proper definition of the following words:

absorb	after death living things decompose or decay – they are broken down into simpler chemical compounds
species	waste matter from homes and factories, which flows away through underground channel
extinction	the material that has been used and is, no longer, wanted
habitat	the possibility that something unpleasant will happen
sewage	any material added to the soil for better crop growth
photosynthesis	a class of plants or animals whose members have the same main characteristics and are able to breed with each other
decay	the natural home of a plant or animal
fertilizer	process by which green plants use solar energy to make their food from carbon dioxide and water
threat	the disappearance of plants and animals
waste	take in, usually moisture or liquid

Ex.6. Make up questions to the answers:

1. Clean air.

2. By pouring sewage or waste-carrying water.

3. It is a substance added to soil to help crops grow.

4. When they seep into the ground.

5. By causing a build-up of nutrients that plants use to grow.

6. To break them down.

7. A shortage of oxygen in the water.

8. Without sufficient sunlight.

Ex.7. Get ready for the dictation.

There is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. “Nuclear-poisoned” fish can be eaten by people. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can’t live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water.

Ex. 8. Make a written translation of the text “Rivers in Human Life”.

Text 11. LAND POLLUTION

Memorize the words and expressions:

trash, topsoil, deforestation, desertification, content, rainfall, evaporation, salinity, high, compost, manure, concentration, micronutrient, pesticide, minimal, farming, run-off, deplete, erosion, nitrogen cycle

This type of pollution involves the depositing on land of solid wastes that cannot be broken down quickly or, in some cases, at all. Heaps of trash are not only unpleasant to look at—they can also interfere with the lives of plants and animals.

All living things are made of protein which contains nitrogen. Without nitrogen, plants and animals cannot grow. Intensive farming methods tend to deplete the soil of nitrogen. Repeated cropping and overgrazing cause erosion of the top layers of the soil. The essential nitrates are removed, so the nitrogen cycle is broken.

The earth is losing 24 billion metric tons of topsoil every year through intensive farming methods and deforestation. The end stage of this loss of topsoil is desertification, where all the organic and mineral content of the soil has disappeared. Thirty percent of the land surface is threatened with desertification. Another problem is salinization, which is caused by perennial irrigation in arid climates. Where rainfall is minimal, the salt content of the soil is very high. Evaporation from reservoirs and irrigation increases the salinity of the water.

People can improve the quality of the soil with fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are made from animal and plant material such as compost or manure. Artificial fertilizers contain high concentrations of micronutrients, which cause environmental damage by a process which is called eutrophication. Excess nitrogen is washed out of the soil with the run-off after it rains. It passes into rivers and lakes and helps to the growth of algae in the water.

Land pollution also includes the buildup of poisonous chemicals on land. The use of pesticides in farming is a major source of this type of pollution. These chemicals are spread over fields to kill insects, weeds, fungi, or rodents that are a threat to crops. But pesticides harm or kill other living things too. When they drift with the wind or become absorbed into fruits and vegetables, they can become a source of health problems such as cancer and birth defects.

Glossary:

intensive farming methods – интенсивные методы сельского хозяйства

salinization – засоление, засоление почвы

perennial irrigation – многолетняя ирригация

repeated cropping – многолетнее возделывание сельскохозяйственных культур

eutrophication – эутрофикация, зарастание водоема водорослями

birth defect – врожденный дефект

overgrazing - выбивание пастбища ( скотом ), чрезмерное стравливание пастбища

Ex.1. Find the proper definition of the words:

desertification topsoil salinization deforestation

fertilizer decay deplete

1. The upper layer of soil.

2. To reduce the amount of something.

3. Any material added to the soil for better crop growth.

4. The process by which the biological productivity of the land is so reduced as to lead to the spread of desert-like conditions into formerly fertile areas of land.

5. The clearing of forest land and its conversion to non-forest uses.

6. The accumulation of highly soluable sodium, magnesium and potassium salts in the soil.

7. Decomposition of living things into simpler chemical compounds after death.

Ex. 2. Say if the information is true, false or is not mentioned in the text.

1. The top layer of soil is made of organic material.

2. Without nitrogen plants and animals can grow.

3. Fifty percent of the land is threatened with desertification.

4. The topsoil is rich in humus.

5. The quality of soil can be improved by adding pesticides.

6. Artificial fertilizers contain high concentration of humus.

7. Pesticides kill insects and other pests but they are poisonous to many other living things.

8. Intensive farming methods increase crop yields and don’t destroy the quality of the soil.

Ex.3. Answer the questions:

1. What is land pollution?

2. What can interfere with the lives of plants and animals?

3. How many cubic tons of topsoil is the earth losing every year?

4. What is salinization?

5. Can the quality of the soil be improved by adding fertilizers or pesticides?

6. What do artificial fertilizers contain?

7. All living things are made of protein, aren’t they?

8. What causes erosion of the top layers of the soil?

9. What depletes the soil of nitrogen?

10. What are the main sources of soil pollution?

Ex. 4. Look through the text again and say which of the paragraphs gives the information about:

1. the land surface is threatened with desertification;

2. the quality of soil can be improved by fertilizers;

3. without nitrogen plants cannot grow;

4. artificial fertilizers have high concentration of micronutrients;

5. repeated cropping and overgrazing cause erosion of the top layers.

Text 12. SCIENCE AND ITS FUTURE

Can the average person really understand science? Does the average person want to know about science? Does science matter to us? The an­swer to these questions is a resounding yes!

For many of us, however, the mere memory of physics, chemistry, and biology classes in high school and college makes our eyes glaze over. We left the classroom with the belief that science was dull and abstract and virtually impossible for the average person to under­stand. Back then, it wasn't cool to understand science, and it seemed to have little immediate relevance to our lives. Yet as we matured and headed into the world, we found ourselves face to face with sophisti­cated computers at work and frequent headlines about matters of sci­ence — mapping the human genetic make-up, cloning, test-tube ba­bies, and the August 1996 discovery of the possibility of past life on Mars, to name a few. Suddenly, scientific knowledge has not only be­come acceptable, it has become a useful, essential, and inescapable part of our lives.

For some of us, our fascination with science began in the 1950's and 1960's, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik or when Neil Armstrong set foot on the Moon — striking evidence of man's ability to apply scientific knowledge to accomplish extraordinary goals. For others, all it took to become interested in science was getting out of high school or merely witnessing the unending series of new scientific achievements and inventions that occurred during the 1970's, 80's, and 90's: the Venus landing, fiber optics, deciphering DNA code, black holes, space stations, microchips and computers, microsurgery, the Space Shuttle, heart transplants, artificial hearts, superconductivi­ty, the discovery of other solar systems, and much more.

You don't have to be a theoretical physicist to be awed by space ex­ploration or curious about whether life exists on Mars or how Universe began. You don't have to be a biochemist to have an interest in the fundamental processes of life. It's impossible not to be curious about such matters. Scientific knowledge and discoveries are much too inter­esting and profound to be left only to scientists.

Science can be fascinating. Many great discoveries of past have now, in our lifetime, culminated in the most incredible and pervasive scientific and technological revolution that could be imagined. Whether we approve of it or not, we're swept up in that revolution and the re­sulting culture — unless you live in a cave. Not only is science fascinat­ing, it matters to us because it is our life. They say that whatever road we take, our fate is indissolubly bound up with science. It is essential as a matter of simple survival for us to understand science. The more we know science, the better we understand life. It means feeling more comfortable with our everyday lives, and using science and technology to accomplish goals. Science is a part of our culture and heritage. It is of great importance for not merely "ivory tower" intellectuals but for the masses of average people.

Knowledge is our destiny. Homo sapiens will continue to search for the answers to new questions. We will develop new concepts, new the­ories, and we will continue our quest to understand the natural world. We must continue to discover, create, explore, and invent. We must search for the cure and the life-saving solution, for we are the discov­erers, creators, explorers, and inventors. We seek the unknown — the deep, the dark, the never before seen — and we have within us the ca­pacity for ever greater wisdom.

We have come to the future. We have found our place by looking back and understanding history. We are poised to become twenty-first centurions. As one scientist said: "We don't have to look too far to see the future. We can already see it will be magnificent." We have now reached the 15-billion-year journey.

Ex.1. Look through the text once more and say what kind of passage it is:

1. A scientific paper.

2. A fragment from a science fiction story.

3. An introduction to a book for science students.

4. A fragment from a popular scientific article. What makes you think so?

Ex.2. Read the text thoroughly with a dictionary and answer the following ques­tions:

1. What does the author say about general attitude to science in high school or college?

2. When, according to the author, do we find ourselves face to face with science?

3. Where is the news about scientific achievements published? What makes you think so?

4. Why, in the author's opinion, has science become a useful, essential and inescapable part of our lives?

5. What scientific achievements of the 1970's, 80's, and 90's does the author mention?

6. Why does the author think it's impossible not to be curious about scientific matters?

7. Why does science matter to us?

8. Who does the author call "ivory tower" intellectuals?

9. Do you agree with the answer to the questions given at the begin­ning of the text? What makes you think so?

Ex. 3. Give Russian equivalents to the following words, word combinations and sci­entific terms from the text:

1. to matter 17. DNAcode

2. virtually 18. heart transplants

3. to glaze over 19. to be curious

4. an average person 20. pervasive

5. it wasn't cool 21. to be swept up

6. immediate 22. to be awed

7. to have relevance 23. to be indissolubly bound up

8. to head into the world 24. survival

9. matter (n) 25. heritage

10. genetic makeup 26. ivory tower intellectuals

11. test-tube babies 27. destiny

12. to name a few 28. quest

13. to set foot on 29. wisdom

14. striking evidence 30. to be poised

15. to accomplish a goal 31. headline

16. fiber optics 32. fascination

Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences choosing the words, word combinations or scientific terms from the list below.

a matter, destiny, DNA code, heart transplants, survival, an average per­son, to accomplish a goal, is indissolubly bound up, were curious, head into the

1. At the turn of the 19th century, ... were unthinkable, while by the turn of the 20th century many have survived because another per­son's heart sustains them.

2. We have come to understand the intricate workings of the cell, as we have learned to decipher....

3. Understanding the universe and ourselves must continue to be the goal of science. In order ... , institutions must exist that best facili­tate a free and prosperous society.

4. Human advancement in all respects ... with freedom.

5. In 1987, at an abandoned radiology clinic in Goiania, Brasil, a group of youngsters, who … , broke open a 300-pound lead capsule containing cesium 137, a radioactive substance used in cancer treatment.

6. You cannot fully understand the concept of gravity until you realize it is more … of semantics to distinguish between an object falling and being pulled to the ground.

7. … really can understand the great scientific discoveries.

8. After graduation many science students… scientific world.

9. The very … of humanity depends on man attitude towards nature.

10. Our … is in our own hands.

Ex.5. Find synonyms for the given words, word combinations and scientific terms in Ex. 3:

it was modern instant subject to have relation to to signify to land practically to achieve an aim to be inquisitive to be astonished penetrating inheritance to be inseparably

an ordinary person to pave the way into inquiry splashline to be ready to list a few insight to be embraced to stare astounding witness fate outliving attraction

Text 13. RECYCLING

Memorize the words and expressions:

Recycling, manufacture, shortage, reduce, decrease, disposal, wood pulp, aluminium, benefit, raw, bauxite, garbage, concentration, decay, regrade, reclaimed, traffic, burnable, volume, debris, discard

Read and translate the text:

Recycling is the return of materials to manufacturers, where they can be broken down and reincorporated into new products. Recycling allevi­ates future recourses shortage, reduces energy demand, cuts pollution, saves water, and decrease solid waste disposal and incineration.

Consider some important recycling facts: each 1.2 meter stack news­paper you recycle saves a 12 meter Douglas fir tree. Recycling a ton of newspaper saves 17 trees. Paper recycling uses one-third to one half as much energy as the conventional process of making paper from wood pulp. Small saving can add to make incredible changes. If we, e.g., in­crease paper recycling by 30 %, we would save an estimated 350 million trees each year. Paper recycling has an added benefit of reducing air pollu­tion by 95 %.

Aluminium recycling offers peat benefits as well. To begin with, aluminium recycling is 95 % energy efficient. That means it requires 95 % less energy to recycle aluminium than to make it from raw ore (bauxite). Translated, a manufacturer can make 20 aluminium cans from recycled metal with the same energy it takes to make one can from bauxite ore. Aluminium recycling produces 95 % less air pollution as well. Similar en­vironmental benefits are available from recycling other metals and plastic.

In the US and many other countries, however, recycling efforts have fallen short of their full potential. One exception is the automobile. In the United States, approximately 90 % of all American cars are recycled. Re­cycling rates for other important materials are extremely low. Only about 1 % of the plastic, and 8.5 % of the glass, 25 % of paper and cardboard, and 25 % of aluminium is recycled. Recycling rates for metals could easily double or triple. Glass and plastic recycling could increase even more.

The garbage dump. By any other name it would smell as bad. Until the 1960s garbage dumps were prevalent features of the landscape. Bit public objection to wafting odors, rat and insect - infested midden heaps, and dark plumes of smoke that billowed out of burning dumps forces cities to look for other ways to deal with their growing trash problem.

The open dump has been replaced by a second cousin from a better part of the town, the sanitary landfill. A sanitary landfill is a natural or manmade depression into which solid wastes are dumped, compressed, and daily covered with a layer of dirt. Because solid wastes are no longer burned, as they were in many open dumps, air pollution is greatly reduced. Because trash is covered each day with a layer of dirt, odors, flies, insects, rodents, and potential health problems are eliminated or sharply reduced.

Despite their immediate benefits, landfills have some notable problems. First, the most important, landfills require land. The trash from 10,000 peo­ple in a year will cover 1 acre 10 feet deep. Around many cities usable land is short supply. Second, landfills, like dumps, require a lot of energy for ex­cavation, "filling, and hauling trash. Third, they can pollute groundwater. Toxic household wastes (paint thinner, pesticides, and other poisons) and feces (from disposable diapers) are discarded in municipal landfills where they can leak the decomposition of organic materials. Methane can seep through the ground into buildings built above and around reclaimed sites, and it is explosive at relatively low concentrations. Fifth, they sink or sub­side as organic rash decay, requiring additional regrading and filling. Build­ing constructed on top of reclaimed landfills may suffer serious structural damage. Sixth, they have low social acceptability. Quite understandably, most people don't want the noise, traffic, and blowing debris.

There are methods of wastes collection, that reduce waste volume. E. g., paper trucks now reduce waste volume by 60 %; thus, fewer trucks are needed to haul garbage to landfills. In the vacuum collection systems solid waste is dumped into pipes that carry it to a central collection point. Recycling and burnable materials can be separated there before the trash is truckled off to landfills. Recycling reduces the volume of garbage, helps cut back on energy demand, and reduces the land required to disposal of waste.

Glossary:

sanitary landfill — закапывание мусора, мусорная свалка

vacuum collection system – вакуумная система сбора

Ex1. Look through the text again and decide which of the following ideas are not expressed in the text.

2. Recycling is the return of materials to manufactures, where they can be reincorporated into new products.

3. Recycling saves 350 million trees each year.

4. Clean up could take 50 years and cost around $100 billion.

5. Recycling of aluminum needs 95 % less energy than to make it from bauxite.

6. Detoxification can take place through land treatment, which breaks down wastes by chemical reactions, bacteria or even sunlight.

7. Recycling rates for metals could easily double or triple.

8. The incinerator option also wastes valuable resources and produces toxic air pollutants.

9. A sanitary landfill is a natural or manmade depression into which solid wastes are dumped, compressed and daily covered with a layer of dirt.

10.The input approach includes ways to reduce excessive consump­tion, to increase products durability and others.

11. Recycling reduces the volume of garbage, helps cut back on en­ergy demand, and reduces the land required to disposal of waste.

Ex.2. Make up questions to the answers:

1. Recycling a ton of newspaper saves 17 trees.

2. In the USA.

3. Aluminium.

4. Recycling rates for glass and plastic.

5. Methane is explosive at relatively low concentration.

6. Recycling reduces the volume of garbage.

7. 1 acre 10 feet deep.

Ex. 3. Make the project in the forms of a leaflet or a poster.

1. "Save energy!"

2. "Recycle paper!"

3. "Recycle aluminum cans!"

Ex.4. Complete the sentences, finding the reasons for the following facts. Use the next conjunctions and phrases: because, thanks to (the fact that), due to (the fact that), so, that's way.

1. Recycle newspapers

2. Recycled paper could easily be substituted for virgin paper in many cases without any loss of quality ....

3. Making newspaper from old paper uses from 30 to 55 % less energy than making paper from trees; and it reduces air pollution by 95 % ... ,

4. Reuse old newspapers ....

5. It takes an entire forest - over 500,000 trees - to supply Americans with their Sunday newspapers every week ....

6. Americans use 50 million tons of paper annually - which means we consume more than 850 million trees ....

7. The average American uses about 580 pounds of paper each year....

8. Use less paper ....

9. American offices throw away enough paper every year to build a wall 12 feet high across the country ....

10. We save 200 million of paper a year by recycling ....

11. Most paper thrown away in the office just has printing on one side ....

12. You can use the blank side for writing or drawing, or cut it into smaller sizes and staple it together to make note pads ....

13. It takes 500,000 trees just to make the newspapers we read every Sunday ,...

14. Save your family's newspapers and find out how to recycle news­papers in your area....

Text 14. THE KILLER IN YOUR KITCHEN.

Read the text:

Safeguarding your family's health against food poisoning is as easy as following a few rules.

Food poisoning is on the rise, with cases of salmonella poisoning alone almost doubling in the past decade.

It can do more than cause gastrointestinal distress. It can lead to a variety of long-term health problems — including joint, heart and kidney disease — and can also be fatal.

A major reason for the rise in food poisoning is that more and more bacteria are making their way into food.

In fact, thousands of cases occur in the home each year because of dangerous mistakes people make m their own kitchens.

Mistake: Undercooking meat, poultry: and seafood; eating meat and seafood raw. These foods can harbor harmful bacteria, which are killed only by thoroughly cooking them.

Preventive measures: Make sure meat and poultry are cooked all the way through until the juices run clear or golden when probed with a fork. Fish should flake easily with a fork and be opaque.

Mistake: Salmonella bacteria, which until recently contaminated the outside of the shell, are now being found more frequently inside the egg.

Preventive measures: It's best to cook eggs until firm, although a lot of people like their yolks runny. For eggs prepared in a medium-hot pan (120°C): scrambled, 1 minute; fried, 7-8 minutes; poached eggs should be cooked in boiling water for 4 minutes; hard boiled eggs cooked for 5 minutes.

Mistake: Leaving food sitting around at room temperature. This applies to just about any cooked food, including vegetables, pasta, rice and potatoes, which are fine at room temperature when raw, but are susceptible to bacteria after cooking.

Preventive measures:. Your safest bet is to refrigerate leftovers immediately after each meal. To cool soups, casseroles and other leftovers thoroughly.

Mistake: Putting cooked meat back on the same unwashed platter that held raw meat.

Preventive measures: Wash hands, utensils, cutting surfaces and the sink with warm soapy water after they've come in contact with raw meat, poultry and fish.

Mistake: Not properly washing fruits and vegetables.

Preventive measures: For optimum safety, wash all produce with water before cooking or serving it. Scrub carrots and other root vegetables, which are more likely to have soil on them, with a vegetable brush.

Mistake: Partially cooking food, refrigerating it and then finishing cooking the next day?

Preventive measures: If you prepare a dish ahead of time, cook it completely, refrigerate or freeze it promptly and then reheat thoroughly. Mistake: Thawing foods on the countertop or in the sink.

Preventive measures: Thaw foods in the refrigerator, allowing about 24 hours for complete thawing. If time is tight, secure food in waterproof wrapping and defrost in cold water, changing water every 30 minutes.

Mistake: Not washing kitchen surfaces, appliances and accessories such as oven mitts and aprons often enough.

Preventive measures: Scrub your entire kitchen every week; spot-clean daily. Wash counters, stove top and utensils such as blenders and can openers with warm soapy water after each use. Wipe up spills immediately. Also make sure that you launder your dishtowels, dishrags, aprons, potholders and mitts frequently.

Mistake: Keeping your refrigerator and freezer at a setting that's not cold enough. This can lead to food spoilage and contamination.

Preventive measures: Make sure your freezer freezes adequately and your refrigerator temperature is 5C or just slightly below. Mistake: Storing canned goods improperly and not discarding them.

Preventive measures: Store canned goods in a cool, dry place. Discard any cans that have frozen or are rusty, dented or swollen. Leftover acidic foods or beverages should not be stored in their original cans, but transferred to a glass or plastic container and then refrigerated.

Mistake: Keeping unopened packages, bacon and vacuum-packed cold cuts in the refrigerator for too long.

Ex.1. Look through the text and find the sentences describing:

a) cooking eggs; b) leftovers; c) reheating; d) thawing; e) refrigerator t^o ; f) canned foods.

Translate these sentences into Russian.

Ex.2. Match the English word in A with the Russian equivalent in B:

1. 1. poisoning; 2. cause; 3. distress; 4. joint; 5. disease; 6. occur; 7. raw; 8. thoroughly; 9. preventive measures; 10. shell; 11. pasta; 12. storage; 13. reheat; 14. sufficiently; 15. even; 16. gravy; 17. thaw; 18. blender; 19. can; 20. beverage.

2. 1. отравление; 2. вызывать, быть причиной; 3. боль, недомогание; 4. сустав; 5. болезнь; 6. случаться; 7. сырой; 8. тщательно; 9. предупредительные меры; 10. скорлупа; 11. макароны; 12. хранение; 13. подогревать; 14. напиток; 15. консервная банка; 16. оттаивать; 17. подлива, соус; 18. мешалка, смеситель; 19. равномерный; 20. достаточно.

Ex. 3. Match the synonyms in column A and B:

A	B
1. to be on the rise 2. health problems 3. fatal 4. major 5. to make their way 6. occur 7. immediately 8. leftover 9. unwashed 10. if time is tight 11. half an hour 12. daily 13. the next day 14. beverage 15. not be stored 16. unopened	a. main b. increase (grow) c. if you are short of time d. to edge into ( to get to) e. shut f. diseases (illnesses) g. dirty h. mortal (leading to death) i. at once j. happen k. drink l. not be kept m. the remainders ( the rest) n. every day o. tomorrow p. 30 minutes

Ex.4 . Match antonyms in A and B:

A	B
more and more harmful inside unwashed safety cooling allow below	outside clean useful above less and less thawing forbid danger

Ex. 5. Look through the text again and write out verbs in Imperative Mood. Translate them.

( e. g. make sure – удостоверься; bring – ( здесь) доведи ; check for - проверь).

Ex.6. Answer the questions:

1. People make dangerous mistakes in their kitchens. What should we do to save ourselves from food poisoning?

2. What is the worst enemy in the kitchen?

3. Is salmonella dangerous? What does it cause?

4. What is the main reason for the rise in food poisoning?

5. What may happen if we undercook meat poultry and seafoods or eat seafood and meat raw?

6. What juices run from well cooked meat and poultry when probed with a fork? And what about fish?

7. Where can we find salmonella bacteria today, speaking about eggs?

8. How long should we cook eggs to be well prepared?

9. Is it a mistake or not to leave cooked food in the kitchen at a room temperature?

10. What food is susceptible to bacteria after cooking?

11.What is the best way to keep the cooked food fresh?

12. How to reheat leftovers in a good way?

13. Speaking about raw food should we undertake great preventive measures?

14. Is it possible to put cooked meat back on the same unwashed platter that held raw meat?

15. What is rule number one in cooking?

16. What safety rule can we put under number 2?

17. Is it possible and healthy to cook food partially and finish cooking the next day?

18. How long does it take to thaw foods?

19. What things in the kitchen must be washed every week?

20. Is any temperature suitable for refrigerating food?

21. Is a can a good container?

22. Is the time for keeping unopened package of sausages, bacon and vacuum-packed cold cuts in the refrigerator not limited?

Ex.7. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Food poisoning, especially salmonella poisoning is on the rise.

2. It doesn’t lead to health problems.

3. More and more bacteria make their way into food.

4. If you eat meat or seafood raw, you will be very healthy.

5. Juices of red colour run from well cooked meat, when probed with a fork.

6. Speaking about eggs, we can find salmonella bacteria inside the egg.

7. It takes a lot of time to cook eggs.

8. Food isn’t susceptible to bacteria after cooking.

9. To reheat leftovers thoroughly, you should cover the pot or can for even distribution of heat.

10. You should bring gravies to a rolling boil when reheating.

Ex. 8. Write an essay “Safety rules in the kitchen”