- •VI. Etymological Survey of the English Word-Stock
- •§ 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability
- •4.Summary and Conclusions
- •§ 5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing
- •6. Criteria of Borrowings
- •§ 12. Influence of Borrowings
- •13 Summary and Conclusion
- •VII. Various aspects of vocabulary units and replenishment of modern english word-stock
- •Interdependence of various aspects
- •Replenishment of modern english vocabulary
- •§ 7. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units
- •Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary
- •§ 8. Productive Word-Formation
- •§ 9 Various Ways of Word-Creation
- •§10 Borrowing
- •§ 13. Intrinsic Heterogeneity of Modern English
- •§ 14 Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English
- •§ 15. Summary and Conclusions
- •VIII. Variants and Dialects of the English Language
- •§ 1. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •§ 3. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Between Them
- •Local varieties in the british isles and in the usa
- •§ 4. Local Dialects in the British Isles
- •§ 5. The Relationship between the English National Language and British Local Dialects
- •6 Local Dialects in the usa
- •IX Fundamentals of English Lexicography
- •§1 Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries
- •§2 Classification of linguistic Dictionaries
- •3. Explanatory Dictionaries
- •§ 4. Translation Dictionaries
- •§ 5. Specialized Dictionaries
- •§6. The selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion.
- •§ 7. Arrangement of Entries
- •§ 11. Choke of Adequate Equivalents.
- •§ 12. Setting of the Entry
- •§ 13. Structure of the Dictionary
- •§ 14. Main Characteristic Features
- •§ 15. Classification of Learners Dictionaries.
- •§ 16.Selection of Entry Words.
- •§ 17. Presentations of Meanings.
- •§ 18. Setting of the Entry
- •§ 19. Summary and Conclusions
- •X. Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Analysis
- •§ 1. Contrastive Analysis
- •§ 2. Statistical Analysis
- •§ 3.Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •§ 4.Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence
- •§ 5. Transformafional Analysis
- •§ 6. Componenfal Analysis
- •§ 7. Method of Semantic Differential
- •§ 8. Summary and Conclusions
- •I. Introduction
- •II. Semasiology Word-Meaning
- •Types of Meaning
- •Word-Meaning and Meaning in Morphemes
- •Word-Meaning and Motivation
- •Change of Meaning
- •Meaning and Polysemy
- •Polysemy and Homonymy
- •Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics
- •Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words
- •III. Word-groups and phraseological units Some Basic Features of Word-Croups
- •Meaning of Word-Groups
- •Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups
- •IV. Word-structure
- •V. Word-formation
- •Various Ways of Forming Words
- •Affixation
- •Conversion
- •Word-Composition
- •Etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •Words of Native Origin
- •Borrowings
- •VII. Various aspects of vocabulary units and replenishment of modern english word-stock
- •Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word
- •VIII. Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Learner's Dictionaries and Some Problems of Their Compilation
- •X. Methods and procedures of lexicological analysis
Meaning and Polysemy
§ 26. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic- Words ........... 33
§ 27. Diachronic Approach ............................................... 34
§ 28. Synchronic Approach .............................................. 35
§ 29. Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure ................36
§ 30. Polysemy and Arbitrariness of Semantic Structure .......... 37
§ 31. Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 38
Polysemy and Homonymy
§ 32. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Word-Forms ..... 39
§ 33. Classification of Homonyms ............................................... 40
§ 34. Some Peculiarities of Lexico-Grammatiсal Homonymy ..... 41
§ 35. Graphic and Sound-Form of Homonyms ………………..... 42
§ 36. Sources of Homonymy .................... 42
§ 37. Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria 43
§ 38. Formal Criteria: Distribution and Spelling ......... 44
§ 39. Summary and Conclusions .................. 45
Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics
§ 40. Polysemy and Context ................... 47
§ 41. Lexical Context ............................. 48
§ 42. Grammatical Context ................. 49
§ 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation) ........ 50
§ 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups ...... 50
Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words
§ 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields ............... 51
§ 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-Semantic Groups… 53
§ 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy ............ 55
§ 48. Criteria of Synonymity .................... 57
§ 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English ......... 58
§ 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy .............. 59
§ 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families ..... 61
§ 52. Summary and Conclusions ................. 62
III. Word-groups and phraseological units Some Basic Features of Word-Croups
§ 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability) ................. 64
§ 2. Grammatical Valency . ................. 66
Structure of Word-Groups
§ 3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification .......... 67
Meaning of Word-Groups
§4. Lexical Meaning ....................... 68
§5. Structural Meaning ..................... 69
§6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69
Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups
§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups ... 70
§ 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns .......... 71
§ 9. Motivation in Word-Groups ................ 71
§ 10. Summary and Conclusions .................. 72
Phraseological Units
§ 11. Free Word-Groups Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological-Units, Idioms,
Word-Equivalents ...................... 74
§ 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity) ... 74
§ 13. Classification ........................ 75
§ 14. Some Debatable Points . ................ 76
§ 15. Criterion of Function ................... 79
§ 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper . .......... 80
§ 17. Some Debatable Points .................... 81
§ 18. Criterion of Context . . ................... 82
§ 19. Some Debatable Points ................... 83
§ 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language . .......... 84
§ 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach .......... 86
§ 22. Summary and Conclusions .................. 88