- •1. Grammatical meaning.
- •3. Grammatical categories.
- •The Adjective
- •1. Definition.
- •2. Degrees of comparison.
- •3. Substantivization of adj-s.
- •4. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •Pronoun
- •Grammatical meaning.
- •Grammatical categories.
- •1. Grammatical meaning.
- •2. Classification of pronouns.
- •3. Grammatical categories.
- •Morphological properties
- •2. Semantic classification.
- •3. Morphological properties.
- •Numeral
3. Morphological properties.
The adverb has no morphological properties that may be regarded as specifically adverbial and be used as a criterion to define is morphological status. Absence of inflections is not restricted to adverbs only; degrees of comparison do not cover all the members of this part of speech; only some adverbs are formed by the derivational suffix -ly.
The only grammatical category – the category of degrees of comparison – are typical of qualitative and of some circumstantial adverbs (early – earlier – earliest; much – more – most) .
Numeral
While the noun, the adjective, and the verb are characterized by all the tree properties of a part of speech – morphological, syntactic and semantic, the numeral, like the pronoun, is distinguished only due to its lexical meaning. Numeral indicate exact number or order of persons and things in a series. Accordingly, numerals are divided into cardinal numerals (cardinals) and ordinal numerals (ordinals).
Numerals have no morphological paradigm, which distinguishes them from the nouns dozen, score, half, etc. that have a similar lexical meaning but combine it with the category of number. The same holds for the cardinals hundred, thousand, million that are numerals when they indicate exact number: two thousand five hundred and twelve. The nouns used to denote a vast amount approximately, without indicating an exact figure and functioning in the plural form, are their homonyms: e.g. thousands of cars, by twos and threes. The lack of paradigm makes numerals different from the adjectives many, much, few and little that have the forms of comparison.
Another morphological property of numerals is their system of word-building suffixes. The cardinal numerals from 13 to 19 are derivatives with the suffix -teen; the cardinals indicating tens are formed by means of the suffix -ty; the cardinal numerals from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39 are compound, whereas ordinals are formed by means of the suffix -th, with the exception of the first three suppletive forms – first, second, third.