- •It goes without saying that every special lexicology is based on the principles of general lexicology, and the latter, forms a part of general linguistics.
- •2.Assimilation of loan words.
- •3. Etymological doublets
- •2. Derivational and functional affixes.
- •3. Classification of suffixes.
- •4.Productive and поп - productive affixes.
- •Conversion.
- •Lecture 6.
- •1. Different types of поп - semantic groupings.
- •3.Sources of Synonymy.
2. Derivational and functional affixes.
Lexicology is primarily concerned with derivational affixes. Derivational affixes serve to convey grammatical meaning. They build different forms of one and the same word. A word - form or the form of a word is defined as one of the different aspects a word may take as a result of inflection. Complete sets of all the various forms of a word,when considered as inflectional patterns,such as declensions or conjugations,aretermed paradigms. A paradigm is therefore defined as the system of grammatical forms characteristic of a word, e.g. near,nearer,nearest; son,son's,sons, sons'.
3. Classification of suffixes.
Depending on the purpose of research,various classifications of suffixes have been used and suggested. Suffixes have been classified according to their origin,parts of speech they serve to form,their frequency,productivity and other characteristics.
Noun-forming suffixes.
-age |
fondage,breakage. |
-ance/-ence |
assistance,reference. |
-ant/-ent |
student,applicant. |
-dom |
kingdom,freedom. |
-ее |
employee. |
-eer |
engineer,pioneer. |
-er/-or |
writer,doctor. |
-ess |
actress,lioness. |
-hood |
manhood,childhood |
-ing |
building,meaning |
-ion / -sion/ -tion/ -ation |
rebellion,creation,tension,explanation |
-ism/-icism |
heroism,criticism |
-ist |
novelist |
-ment |
government |
-ness |
tenderness |
-ship |
friendship |
Adjective
-
forming
suffixes.
-able / -ible/ -uble |
unbearable,audible, soluble |
-al |
formal |
-ic |
poetic, archaic |
-ical |
ethical,historical |
-ant/-ent |
dependent,extravagant |
-ary |
revolutionary |
-ate/-ete |
accurate,complete |
-ed/-d |
wooded |
-ful |
delightful |
-ian |
African, Australian |
-ish |
Irish,reddish |
-ive |
active,deceptive |
-less |
useless |
-like |
lifelike |
-ly |
manlу(мужской) |
-ous/ -ious |
Tremendous, curious |
-some |
tiresome |
-y |
cloudy,dressy, trendy |
Numeral - forming suffixes. |
|
-fold |
twofold |
-teen |
fourteen |
-ty |
sixty |
-th |
seventh |
Verb - forming suffixes. |
|
-ate |
facilitate |
-er |
glimmer |
-fy/-ify |
terrify, specify |
-ize |
modernize, equalize |
-ish |
establish |
-en |
shorten |
Adverb - forming suffixes. . |
|
-ly |
coldly |
-ward/-wards |
upward, northward s |
-wise |
likewise |