XI. Переведите текст с учетом выполненных заданий. Третий абзац переведите письменно.

1. Historically, copper, a reddish-brown, tough metal, became one of the first engineering metals. It is known to have been used in prehistoric times for making weapons and tools. Later it was alloyed with tin to form bronze. Pure copper having very high electric conductivity and high corrosion-resistant qualities is a good conductor. However, copper alloys are stated to be more widely employed, chief among them are brasses and bronzes.

2. Brasses are yellowish or reddish alloys of copper and zinc in different proportions (about 60% copper and 40% zinc, but some brasses contain as high as 90% copper with only 10% zinc). An addition of tin makes brasses stronger. Brasses are very ductile and may be treated without heating them. Bronze is an alloy containing primarily copper and tin, but other elements may be added to the alloy to improve its properties such as hardness and resistance to wear. The most common bronzes are known as straight bronze, phosphor bronze, and manganese bronze.

3. Nickel, a hard, tough, shiny, and silvery metal, is found in the form of ore. It does not rust and can be polished to a very bright, silvery finish. Nickel is said to be one of the most important metals in this technological age. It is used to a large extent as an alloying addition in many steels and cast irons and in a number of non-ferrous alloys. It is to be pointed out that nickel is also used as a pure metal and as the base for a number of useful engineering materials. Pure nickel possesses an excellent resistance to corrosion by many acids. This allows it to be used in chemical engineering plants and in the food industry.

XII. Составьте аннотацию текста.

Text 8 A Wonder Metal

Просмотрите текст и выполните следующие задания.

I. Используя специализированный англо-русский словарь по технологии машиностроения и металлообработке, переведите следующие слова и словосочетания и запомните их:

impurity

compound

to isolate

to corrode

medium (media)

to forge

to stamp

refractory

oxygen

nitrogen

impact strength

II. Выпишите из текста именные группы и переведите их.

III. Укажите способ словообразования следующих слов и переведите их на русский язык:

impurity, nearly, endless, lightness, useful, investigator, sharpen, supersonic, aircraft

IV. Найдите в первом абзаце слово, которое относится к "ложным друзьям" переводчика. Выпишите в словарь правильное значение этого слова.

V. Используя обычный англо-русский словарь, переведите выражения "to begin with", "to be of interest (value)" и запомните их.

VI. Найдите в третьем абзаце инфинитив, определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык вместе с относящимися к нему словами.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив:

a. 1. To know the main properties of a metal is very important for an engineer.

2. To know the main properties of a metal it must be tested on special machines.

3. Various copper alloys are knows to be used for engineering purposes.

4. We know various copper alloys to be used for engineering purposes.

5. Different alloying elements are said to influence the properties of steel.

6. Different alloying elements are used to influence the properties of steel.

7. Special machines permit metals to be tested for strength.

8. Special machines are used for metals to be tested for strength.

b. 1. Titanium is too active to be found free in nature.

2. To make aluminium harder it is necessary to mix some other metals with it.

3. To make all industrial processes automatic is of great importance.

4. Nickel is used for covering iron and brasses to make them look better.

5. India appears to have been acquainted with iron and steel from an early age.

6. It is to be remembered that engineering makes the most important sector of industry.

7. Everybody knows Belorussian machine builders to have achieved a high technical level of production.

8. Russian scientist Petroff was the first to prove that metals can be changed by friction.

9. Grey cast iron is used for the parts not to be subjected to great tensile stresses.

VIII. Проанализируйте следующее предложение третьего абзаца, определите функцию всех местоимений "it". Переведите предложение на русский язык:

It was the impurities with which it was usually associated (it forms compounds easily with nearly every known element) that made it brittle.

IX. Используя обычный англо-русский словарь, подберите правильное значение для глагола "to cost" в первом предложении четвертого абзаца, предварительно определив функцию "it" в начале этого предложения, а также функцию инфинитивов "to isolate" и "to start". Переведите предложение на русский язык.