Is removed for maintenance and not replaced people are again at risk.

ADMINISTRATION: Administrative solutions can be done by reducing

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW

MEDIUM LOW

LOW

the number of people exposed to the danger and providing training to those people

who are exposed to the hazard.

Example: The dangers of electricity are well known and only trained and

licensed people are allowed to work on electrical equipment. We can appreciate

that the electrician is still at risk, but their training is such that the risks are

reduced to an acceptable level.

Administrative solutions also include danger signs, and written systems of

work such as those for working in confined spaces and lock out procedures.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Provision of personal

protective equipment should only be considered when all other control methods are

impractical, or to increase control when used with another method higher up in the

Hierarchy of Control.

Example: To remove the possibility of a person dropping something on their

foot in a workshop situation would be impracticable as it would involve securing

every movable object large enough to do damage if it fell on a person's foot. The

practicable solution is to provide every person at risk with safety footwear.

The example of plant risk management worksheet is given in table 3.

Table 3

Plant risk management worksheet

Company: Ben's Snack Shop. Site/location: 5 The Mall, Smithfield.

Date: 02/01/95

Hazard

identification

Heat hazard from

Very likely Minor injury

oven

Electrocution

hazard from meat Unlikely

slicer

Cutting

hazard

from meat slicer

Risk assessment

Risk control

Likelihood Consequence

Risk rating

High

Fatality

High

Likely

Minor injury

Medium

PPE: one should

use gloves

Administrative:

use RCD: test

regularly

PPE:

use

steel

mesh

cutting glove &

Administrative:

safe

work

practices.

Chapter 4: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

27. KNOWLEDGE OF EMERGENCY

Emergency classification by origin:

- Natural disaster;

- Technical accident;

- Social - political conflicts;

- Military action.

Transport accident, fire, explosion, accident followed by emission of strong

toxic, radioactive and biological hazard, demolition of buildings and equipment are

referred to technical accidents.

All technical accidents are divided into two categories.

Accident is referred to first category in case of:

- 5 fatal accidents or 10 and more injuries;

- emission of strong toxic, radioactive and biological hazard and their

distribution over the sanitary zone of enterprise;

- 10 times and more growing concentration of environment contaminant;

- demolition of buildings, what causes high risk of injury or harm to great

number of workers.

- accidents of second categories characterized by following consequences:

- up to 5 fatal accidents or 4-10 injuries;

- demolition of buildings, what causes high risk of injury or harm to some

workers.

Accident should be immediately reported to site-manager or another officer

that in turn should inform senior manager.

Director should engage accident liquidation plan, apply rescue measures and

medical aid to injured workers and also inform local executive body, civil defense

staff, public prosecutions department and trade union.

Natural disasters can be:

- meteorological (which occur in atmosphere) storm, hurricane, cyclone,

extreme frost, drought;

- topological (which occur on the earth surface) flood, avalanche, snow

avalanche;

- tectonic (underground) earthquake, volcano.

Disasters categories:

first category disasters go over territory of one administrative district with

great economic impact;

second category disasters spread within one administrative district.

The emergency situation appears as result of:

rapid natural processes caused by gravity, earth circulation or temperature

difference;

effect of the external natural factors, which result in aging or corrosion of

materials of constructions, structures and decreasing of physical-mechanical

parameters;

- engineering or manufacturing defects of structures (designer’s error; low

quality of materials; breaking the rules of safety precautions for repairing

and other works);

- influence of technological processes on materials of structures (overloading;

high temperatures, vibration, aggressive medium);

- incompliance with safety standards for construction and technological

processes, which cause kettle explosion, chemical spill etc;

- military activity of all kinds.

Irrespective to the origin and type emergency situation progresses in four

inherent phases.

Emergency scenario:

1. INITIATION – premises future emergency situation through: activating

unfavorable natural processes; accumulating the engineering or

manufacturing defects, multiple technical breakdowns; equipment

malfunctions; its duration can be approximately estimated by means of

regular statistics of failures, breakdowns, «local» failures, observations of

seismic, meteorological, mudflow struggling and other stations;

2. ACTIVATION – usually triggered by human. Statistics testifies that more

than 60 % of accidents arise because of staff errors;

3. CULMINATION – phase releases energy or substance, which affect people

and environment; it frequently engages powerful, toxic or biologically active

components, as chain reaction destroying energy and substance spill;

4. FADING – may last for years to minimize adverse consequences.

29. FIRE SAFETY

History shows that fire was recognised as a threat to great civilisations as

early as 2000 years ago. The Roman Empire devised a system of corps vigilante

whose sole task was to be on watch for the outbreak of fire. The Great Fire of

London in 1666 became the catalyst for the modern day building codes. The fire

broke out in a baker's shop and destroyed half of London. The buildings in London

at that time were not fire separated and so the fire spread easily. Analysis of how

the fire spread led to the creation of the first building regulations.

Fire Separation: the use of wall, that divides a storey or building, to resist the

spread of fire or smoke.

Fire safety provides conditions of a building that eliminate risk of fire or

spreading fire, prevents property damage.

Basic fire safety concepts:

- safe egress (exit) from the building for occupants;

- facilities for fighting fire within buildings;

- prevention of spread of fire to adjoining properties;

- access and egress for fire fighting personnel.

Fire hazards:

- High temperature;

- Radiant heat;

- Smoke as it contains carbon monoxide;

- Degrading visibility.

Fire temperature can reach 700-900 deg С that’s why neighboring rooms or

buildings can be ignited even without contact with fire but through heat radiating.

For a person critical levels of those hazards are:

- temperature +70 deg C,

- radiant heat 1.26 kW/m2;

- carbon monoxide concentration 0.1%;

- visibility in the smoked area 6-12 m.

Fire fighting includes variety of substances, means and facilities.

Fire fighting substances:

water. Advantages: available, cheap, not toxic. Disadvantages: can’t

extinguish light substances, can’t be used to extinguish electric power

facilities;

foam is more effective than water replacing oxygen;

water steam – moisturizes flammable substances and replace oxygen;