The West Ukrainian National Republic (zunr)

In the fall of 1918 the Central Powers lost the war. The Austro-Hungarian Empire started to disintegrate. Poles and Ukrainians, the two major nations in Austrian-ruled Western Ukraine, began their struggle for independence. The Ukrainians planned to create the West Ukrainian People’s Republic consisting of Galicia, Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia. That intention brought them into conflict with the Poles who planned to revive the Great Poland “from sea to sea” (from the Baltic to the Black Sea). At first Ukrainians were victorious. On 1 November they captured Lviv and proclaimed their independent republic with Yevhen Petrushevych as its head. A powerful 40,000 ‘Galician Army’ was created.¹⁴ The state symbols of the republic were a blue-yellow flag and a coat of arms consisting of a golden lion against blue background.

The republic, however, could not control all the territories it claimed. Bukovyna was occupied by Romania, and Transcarpathia remained under Hungarian control until the Allies (Entente) gave it to the new state of Czechoslovakia. Lviv was also lost. It was not a big surprise since the population of the city consisted of 68% of Poles, 20% of Jews, and only 18% of Ukrainians who were mostly Catholicized and Polonized.

On 22 January 1919, the ZUNR (Western Ukrainian People’s Republic) united with the UNR (Ukrainian People’s Republic). The ZUNR got a wide autonomy and was renamed into ZOUNR (Western Oblast of the UNR) which formally included Eastern Galicia, Bykovuna, and Transcarpathia.¹⁵ This act went down into history as злука (unification), but in fact it was mostly symbolic because at that time Petliura’s armies were losing its territories to the Bolsheviks, and West Ukrainians were losing their territories to Poland which got a strong 80,000 army of General I. Galler formed of former Polish prisoners, who had fought in the German army, in France. France provided this army with officers and arms. France wanted to prevent the reemergence of a powerful Germany on its eastern border. Thus, Paris decided to create a strong and allied to France Polish state to counterbalance Germany from the East. That is why France wanted to strengthen Poland at the expense of western Ukraine. By 18 July 1919 all Galicia had been occupied by the Polish army. But the Galician Army managed to avoid encirclement. It crossed the Zbruch River and united with Petliura’s troops.¹⁶

After leaving western Ukraine the Galician Army fought in union with Petliura against the Reds. In November 1919 it joined the White Army of General A. Denikin and fought under his command against the Reds. (Denikin promised not to use the Galician Army against Petliura). There were serious disagreements between West and East Ukrainians concerning Ukraine’s enemies. West Ukrainians did not consider the Whites and the Reds their enemies. Their enemy was Poland. Petliura, on the contrary, considered Denikin and the Reds to be Ukraine’s major enemies. In January 1920, when the Whites were losing the war, the Galician Army joined the Reds under the name of ‘Red Galician Army.’