4. The syntactical classification of phraseological units suggested by I.V.Arnold.

The syntactical principle of classifying phraseological units is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words.

1) noun phraseological units denoting an object, a person, a living being

2) verb phraseological units denoting an action, a state, a feeling

3) adjective phraseological units denoting a quality

4) adverb phraseological units

5) preposition phraseological units

6) interjection phraseological uints

In I.V.Arnold’s classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings and quotations.

5. Classication of phraseological units according to their functions suggested by a.V.Koonin.

1) nominative phraseological units are represented by word-groups, including the ones with one meaningful word and coordinative phrases of the type wear and tear, well and good. This class also oncludes word-groups with a predicative structure as the crow flies, predicative phrases as see how the land lies, ships that pass in the night

2) nominative-communicative phraseological units include word-groups of the type to break the ice –the ice is broken, that is, verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when verb is used in the Passive voice.

3) interjectional phraseological units, phraseological units which are neither nominative nor communicative.

4) communicative phraseological units are represented by proverbs and sayings.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- What are the distinctive features of thematic or etymological classification of phraseological units?

- What are the distinctive features of semantic classification of phraseological units?

- What are the distinctive features of structural classification of phraseological units?

- What are the distinctive features of syntactical classification of phraseological units?

- What are the distinctive features of classification of phraseological units according to their functions?

-Why is it important to classify phraseological units according to the structure, semantics, functions, etymology, syntactics?

Subtheme # 5: “The main functions of phraseological units in comparison with proverbs”

Thesis:

Sometimes people also confuse proverbs as phraseological units. But they are different. If one compares proverbs and phraseological units in the semantic aspect, proverbs sum up the collective experience of the community, for example they moralize, give advice, give warning, criticize, admonish. No phraseological unit ever does any of these things. They do not stand for whole statements as proverbs do but for a single concept. The function of phraseological units in speech is purely nominative (they denote an object, an act, etc.), the function of proverbs in speech is communicative (they impart certain information). Professor A.V.Koonin includes proverbs in his classification and calls them communicative phraseological units. From this point of view one of the main criteria of a phraseological unit is its stability. If the quotient of phraseological stability in a word-group is not below the minimum. It means that we are dealing with a phraseological unit. That is why we may say that there does not seem to exist any rigid or permanent borderline between proverbs and phraseological units as the latter rather frequently originate from the former.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- What are the functions of phraseological units and proverbs in speech?

- What scholar represented proverbs as communicative phraseological units in his classification?

- What is phraseological stability?

Ablai khan University of International Relations and World Languages

Romano-Germanic Philology Department

Chair of English Philology

Seminars on the course of English Lexicology

2010-2011 a.y.

Module # 1

Seminar # 1. Theme “Lexicology”. : (2 hours)

Subtheme # 1: “The aims and principles of Lexicology”

Case study tasks:

1. Divide the next principles into aims and objectives of Lexicology. Analyze your subdivision and explain your choices.

a) to investigate the problems of word structure, word-formation

b) to give systematic description of the word-stock of modern English

c) to deal with the problems of dictionary compiling

d) to investigate the semantic structure of the words

e) to systematize the whole vocabulary

2. State out all theoretical and practical values of Lexicology and make a scheme or table that shows their difference.

Theoretical values of Lexicology are _______

Practical values of Lexicology are _________

3. Analyze and comment on the theoretical and practical importance of Lexicology. Divide the next principles into theoretical and practical importance.

1) It forms the study of one of the three main aspects of language, its vocabulary, its grammar and sound system

2) By drawing attention to the combining characteristics of words (origin, affixes, meaning, derivation) the teacher will prevent many mistakes

3) The relationship between the name and the thing named

4) It deals with the origin, development and current use of words as depending on the needs of social communication

5) It helps to master the literary standards of word usage

6) It helps to use different kinds of dictionaries, reference books on increasing and improving one’s vocabulary

7) It helps to systematize the whole vocabulary according to the structure and semantics

8) It analyzes the word from the categories: morphological, semantic and stylistic

Problematic tasks:

1. Give your points of view on why an exact knowledge of the vocabulary system is necessary.

2. Give your own definition on what is vocabulary.

3. Evaluate the point that in recent years to provide a theoretical basis on which the vocabularies of different languages can be compared and described.

Subtheme # 2: “The object of Lexicology”

Case study tasks:

1. Fill in the gaps with missed functions of a word. After characterize each function according to their importance.

A word has ……..functions

1) nominative

2) _________

3) significative

4) __________

5) __________

6) __________

2. Prepare a brief information about the object of Lexicology and prove that the word has a multilevel structure. In your lecture we discussed about the linguistic functions of a word and here your task is to show other functions of a word which are typical in different spheres in society.

3. You have studied the theme Lexicology, the object, types of Lexicology and links with other branches of linguistics, the morphological structure of a word. Now fulfill the following task.

Make up your own concrete definition of Lexicology and a word.

Problematic tasks:

1. Give the definition to the term word and say your points of view why a word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.

2. Give the descriptive difference of a word and morpheme.

3. Prove the statement why the definition of a word is one of the most difficult in linguistics.

4. Describe each linguistic functions of a word and illustrate with examples.

Subtheme #3: “The types of Lexicology”

Case study tasks:

1. You have studied the theme types of Lexicology. Now fulfill the following task.

Make up concrete definitions of every type of Lexicology and compare with Kazakh and Russian languages. Say if it is the same or different in other languages.

2. Analyze each type and make a presentation that show their subdivision and differences.

Problematic tasks:

1. Prove the difference between general and special types of Lexicology.

2. State out distinguishing features of terms comparative and contrastive and say if they are the same or different terms.

3. Show the differences between diachronic and synchronic types of Lexicology.

4. Indicate some facts why it is important to differentiate the types of Lexicology.

Subtheme # 4: “Links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics”

Case study tasks:

1. Analyze each link of Lexicology and illustrate with facts and examples.

2. Make a presentation on the links of Lexicology with sociolinguistics, pragmalinguistics and translation.

3. You have studied the theme Lexicology, the object, types of Lexicology and links with other branches of linguistics, the morphological structure of a word. Now fulfill the following task.

Make a scheme that shows the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics and illustrate with examples.

Problematic tasks:

1. Discuss the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.

2. Prove that the connection of Lexicology with Phonetics, Grammar is very obvious and exact, close.

Subtheme # 5: “The morphological structure of the words. Types of morphemes”.

Case study tasks:

1. You have studied the theme Lexicology, the object, types of Lexicology and links with other branches of linguistics, the morphological structure of a word. Now fulfill the following task.

Make up a table of classification types of morphemes and give examples.

2. You have studied the theme Lexicology, the object, types of Lexicology and links with other branches of linguistics, the morphological structure of a word. Now fulfill the following task.

Make up a glossary of the theme and give a summary of the lecture.

3. Match the classification types with the morphemes. Explain your choice.

1) According to the role a) prefix, suffix, infix

2) According to the position b) lexical, grammatical

3) According to the functions c) simple, stylistic, pragmatic

4) General classification d) productive, non-productive

5) According to the meaning e) functional, derivational

f) denotational, connotational

g) roots, affixes

4. Put the three structures of a word correctly according to that Lexicology deals with.

1) semantic

2) Morphological

3) stylistic

5. Pick up the derivatives from the following sentence, divide them into morphemes and analyze:

She could not expect to find a friendly listener in Elliot who was disinclined to trouble himself with a young man.

6. Match the lexical and grammatical morphemes with their types and explain your choice.

1) free lexical morphemes a) prefixes, suffixes

2) free grammatical morphemes b) roots

3) bound lexical morphemes c) –ed, -ing, -s, -er, endings

4) bound grammatical morphemes d) articles, conjunctions, prepositions

Problematic tasks:

1. State out the aims and principles of morphemic analysis and say why we do certain analysis in the languages.

2. Show the differences between a phoneme, a morpheme and a word.

3. State out the types of a stem and give their definitions.

4. Give the classification of morphemes from the structural and semantic point of view.

5. Say the differences between bound and semi-bound morphemes.

Subtheme # 6: “Problems of Lexicology”

Case study tasks:

1. Analyze each problem that Lexicology deals with and prove their importance in the vocabulary system.

2. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to their nature that Lexicology deals with:

Phraseology, Change of meaning, Affixation, Lexicography, Semasiology.

Problematic tasks:

1. Evaluate each problem of Lexicology and say their place and role in Lexicology.

2. Discuss the properties and functions of problems in Lexicology and describe their objects.

3. Consider their importance not only in Lexicology but in General Linguistics.