E
lena
Kozharskaya Natalia Konstantinova Kevin McNicholas Joanne Hodson
Angela Bandis Joanne Stournara
Guide to Science
Student's Book
Contents
Guide to Science 1
Contents 1
Before you read 10
Biology 11
An introduction 11
Before you listen 12
Biology today 14
Before you listen 18
Task 21
Before you road 23
Germ theory 23
Before you listen 25
Before you read 26
Louis Pasteur 27
Before you listen 29
Task 30
Before you read 32
The biosphere 32
Before you listen 34
Before you read 35
Vladimir Vernadsky 35
Before you listen 36
Task 37
Before you read 38
Cells 38
Before you listen 39
Before you read 40
Gregor Mendel 40
Before ...you listen 43
Task 44
Units 1 to 4 46
Before you read 48
The discovery of the structure and function of DNA 48
Before you listen 50
Before you read 51
Cloning 51
Before you listen 52
Before you read 54
Chemistry 54
Before you listen 55
Before you read 56
Chemistry today 56
Before you listen 57
Task 58
A part of an atom which has The atom 59
Before you listen 60
Before you read 60
Robert Boyle 61
Before you listen 62
Task 63
Before you read 64
The Law of Conservation of Mass 64
Before you listen 65
Before you read 65
Antoine Lavoisier 66
Before you listen 67
Task 68
Units 5 to 8 70
Before you read 73
The periodicity of elements 74
Before you listen 76
Before you read 77
Dmitri Mendeleev 78
Before you listen 79
Task 80
Before you read 81
Chemical kinetics 81
Before you listen 84
Before you read 84
Nikolay Semyonov 85
Before you listen 88
Task 89
Before you read 90
Physics 90
Before you listen 91
Before you read 92
Physics - the new science fiction 92
Before you listen 93
Task 94
Before you read 95
Electricity and magnetism 95
Before you listen 96
Before you read 97
Michael Faraday 97
Before you listen 98
Task 99
Units 9 to 12 100
Before you read 104
The Law of Universal Gravitation 104
Before you listen 108
Before you read 110
Isaac Newton 110
Before you listen 114
Task 115
Before you read 116
Quantum mechanics 116
Before you listen 117
Niels Bohr 118
Before you listen 119
Task 120
Before you read 120
The General Theory of Relativity 121
Before you listen 122
Before you read 123
Albert Einstein 123
Before you listen 124
Task 125
Before you read 126
Mathematics 126
Before you listen 127
Mathematics 128
Units 13 to 16 131
У n it 139
Units 17 to 21 204
Translation Work 207
Glossary 217
Дорогие друзья!
Представляем вам учебно-методический комплект (УМК) «Macmillan Guide to Science», который поможет вам приобрести навыки владения английским языком в естественно-научной области.
Курс адресован учащимся старших классов общеобразовательных учреждений и колледжей, увлекающимся естественными науками, а также студентам младших курсов естественно-научных факультетов высших учебных заведений.
Тема курса - история знаменитых открытий и вклад известных учёных в научный прогресс человечества. Курс сочетает изучение английского языка с учебным материалом естественнонаучных дисциплин. Коммуникативная направленность курса делает его особенно актуальным, так как в современном мире именно владение коммуникативными навыками позволит вам активно общаться с иностранными коллегами, легко вступать в международные научные сообщества и становиться полноценными участниками международных проектов.
В Книге для учащихся четыре раздела. Каждый раздел посвящён одной из четырёх естественнонаучных дисциплин - биологии, химии, математике и физике, и включает в себя пять уроков (Unit). Первый урок каждого раздела неизменно состоит из краткого исторического обзора данной дисциплины и текста, который позволяет представить уровень и значимость данной науки в наши дни. Следующие четыре урока каждого раздела посвящены наиболее крупным научным открытиям в данной области. В целом в книге 21 урок - в 21 уроке рассказывается о российских учёных, ставших Нобелевскими лауреатами, и о Российской академии наук.
Каждый урок включает в себя два текста (Reading), сопровождаемых аудиозаписями (Listening). Аудиотексты, озвученные носителями языка, относятся к различным стилям речи и позволят вам получить навыки аудирования, необходимые для понимания как научных докладов, так и разговорной речи. Кроме того, каждый урок содержит упражнения на расширение и закрепление активной лексики - как общего, так и специального плана (Vocabulary), и на проверку понимания прочитанного (Comprehension).
Особенно хотелось бы отметить упражнения и материалы, нацеленные на развитие навыков устной (Speaking) и письменной (Writing) речи. Освоив материал курса, вы сможете вести дискуссии, проводить презентации, составлять доклады и отчёты, писать письма, статьи, эссе, сочинения.
Глоссарий (Glossary) слов и терминов, который вы найдет в конце книги, поможет вам при работе с курсом.
Надеемся, что УМК «Macmillan Guide to Science» будет вам интересен и полезен.
Авторы УМК «Macmillan Guide to Science»
B
efore
you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
-» What can you see around you that is living?
What can you see that is not living?
What can living things do that non-living things can’t?
-» Can you classify living things?
Ф A Vocabulary
Match these words with their definitions.
1 life cycle |
A characteristic |
2 observation |
В from birth to death |
3 property |
С develop an idea |
4 successor |
D what you see |
5 formulate |
E sb who follows |
6 pollen |
F a fine yellow powder found in flowers |
7 contribution |
G sth given to help progress |
8 foundation |
H what is passed down from one generation to the next |
9 treat |
I give medical help |
10 classify |
J process according to which only the strongest species survive |
11 inheritance |
К academic |
12 natural selection |
L put into groups |
13 field |
M basic idea |
14 principle |
N academic area |
15 advance |
О improvement |
16 scholar |
P basis |
17 genetics |
0 the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to another |
H Reading 1
Biology
An introduction
Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. For as long as people have looked at the world around them, people have studied biology. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand which animals could produce food like milk and eggs.
In the past, more than 2000 years ago, people in the Middle East understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and were particularly interested in the changes they went through as they grew from larvae to adult insects. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in what were the earliest zoological gardens. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around
them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, which made a very important contribution to the study of botany.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the centre of the scientific world moved to the Middle East.
The Arab scholar Al-Jahiz wrote the Book of Animals in the 9th century. He was just one of a great number of Arabic, Persian and Turkish scientists who set out the foundations for the modem science of biology. Later still, in Europe, particularly in Germany, scholars such as Albertus Magnus discussed the properties of life. Magnus wrote seven books on plants and twenty- six on animals.
Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of the causes of disease, while new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All this new knowledge needed to be put into order and in the 18th century the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the biological families we know and use today.
In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics that is such an important part of biology today. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology - natural selection as the basis of evolution.
It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has become apparent only within the last half of the 20th century and the first step on this path of discovery was taken by the Russian botanist Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892.
In the 20е*1 century, biologists began to recognise how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology; it is an area of ever-growing knowledge.
<■ ■" Pronunciation guide
Albertus Magnus /slbe'tas masgnas/
Al-Jahiz /el gAhazI
Aristotle /asn'stofl/
Carl Linnaeus /ka:'l h'nras/