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Lexicology - 2011
Lecture 1. General problems of lexicology.
KEEP ON SMILING!
Diner: Do you serve crabs here?
Waiter: We serve anyone - sit down.
What's black and white and red? Red (read) all over? - A newspaper.
- What's a baby pig called?
A piglet.
So what's a baby toy called?
A toilet.
- When is a car not a car?
When it turns into a garage.
– A word fly a) an annoying insect, b) a means of travel, c) a critical part of a gentleman’s apparel.
A lie but the truth.
‘I could care less’(Am.) and ‘I couldn’t care less’(Br.)
How do you do?’(what?)
AN OUTLINE to Lecture 1:
The subject of lexicology.
Different branches of lexicology.
Lexicology and its connections with other branches of linguistics.
A word as a lexical unit.
Types of lexical units.
The word stock and the theory of oppositions.
The theoretical and practical value of lexicology.
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics studying a word as a unit of the word stock, having
the sound form and
meaning,
dealing with the vocabulary and
the properties of words as the main units of language. (Arnol,1986)
Lexicology is of Greek origin: le xikos (lexis) “of a word”, “logos” science, speech (learning).
The term lexeme was introduced by Benjamin Lee Whorf (1938).
Vocabulary – the system formed by the sum total of all the words and word equivalents the lg. Possesses.
A word is the basic unit of a given lg. resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. It is a unity of form and content, a semantic, grammatical and phonological unity (I.V. Arnold, И.В. Зыкова, G.N. Babich)
Thus a word is a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit. Ex.: boy ‘a male child up to the age of 17-18’, boys, boy’s, boys’.
A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflecional endings it may have or any number of words it may contain (G.N. Babich,p.13)
Different branches of lexicology:
General
Descriptive
Lexicology
Special
Historical
Comparative Contrastive
Lexicology:
General (lg universals)
Special (of the particular lg)
Descriptive (studies the functions of words and their specific morphological and semantic structure, deals with the vocabulary as a system at a given stage of its development): boy, boyhood, boyish, boyishly, old boy, my dear boy, boy-friend .
It also studies all kinds of semantic grouping and semantic relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, semantic fields, etc.
Semantics is the study of meaning
Comparative, Contrastive (English and Russian lexis)
Historical or diachronic (etymology): The origin of words, their change and development. The linguistic and extra-linguistic forces influencing their structure, meaning, usage and development of words.
In historical lexicology: diachronic approach;
In descriptive lexicology: synchronic approach;
syn – simultaneous;
chronos – time;
dia – through the time (the Swiss philologist Ferdinand de Saussure’s dichotomy).
Semantics is the study of meaning relevant both for lexicology and grammar.
Historical lexicology studies extra-linguistic forces (changes in social, political, cultural and everyday life, in science reflected in words and their meaning).
Post = posta – posita (fr. Lat. through French and Italian) – place;
(16 century): ‘One of a number of men with horses along roads to deliver the King’s ‘packet’ from stage to stage’ (obs.)
Mail (Am. from Old French male) = mail of letters ‘a bag of letters’
Sack fr. ‘To get the sack’ (to dismiss from service)
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics dealing with causal relations btw the ways of life reflected in the lg. (education, mass media, lg planning, etc.): CD-ROM, e-mail, SMS, pager,cyberspace, Internet,PIN, hacker, cellphone, spam, web, dot com, etc.
The importance of studying English lexicology:
It is the world’s most widely used lg. (300mln. people speak it) – lingua franca of business, science, education, politics and pop music.
It is used in official and business activities (India, Pakistan, other former British colonies); more than 3,000 newspapers in India are in English
It is one of the working lgs of the UNO and the universal lg of international aviation. (157 nations out of 168)
More than a half world’s scientific literature is published in English.
60% of the world’s radio broadcasts are in English.
The theoretical value of lexicology: it is the study of one of the three main aspects of lg. (vocabulary -615 ,000 words) together with its grammar and sound system.
Lexicology meets the demands of applied linguistics (lexicography, terminology, information, literary criticism, foreign lg. teaching, in translation and functional stylistics).
Lexicology and its connections with other branches of linguistics
general linguistics,
the history of the lg.,
phonetics,
stylistics,
grammar,
sociolinguistics,
paralinguistics,
pragmalinguistics)
cognitive linguistics.
Stylistics studies the same problems as Lexicology: meaning, connotations, synonymy, functional differentiation of the vocabulary, etc.: Maiden (poet.) – Girl – lass; father- daddy;group- clique;love-adore