Grammar Modal Verb "Should"

Ex 20 Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech)
moral obligation, advice, disapproval	You should work harder. The work should be done at once. You should be more careful next time. He should stop smoking. He said that I should thank her. You shouldn't laugh at his mistake.
Meaning	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
criticism of a past action (disapproval, reproach, regret)	You should have told him the whole truth. (But you didn't.) She should have been told the truth. (She wasn't.) I should have sent the telegram at once. (I didn't. I am sorry.) You shouldn't have mentioned the fact in her presence. (But you did.) I said that she shouldn't have let him go so early. (But she had and it was wrong.)

Ex 21 Express advice, disapproval or reproach about the following statements, using 'should'.

Model 1 : (a) He smokes too much. He shouldn't smoke so much.

(b) She doesn't work hard enough. She should work harder.

1. You don't eat properly. 2. She often shouts at people for no reason at all. 3. I see you are not ashamed of what you have said. 4. They often quarrel about little things. 5. He doesn't know how to behave. 6. You cross the streets very carelessly. 7. The letter is not written yet. 8. He drives very fast.

Model 2: (a) He didn't take part in the discussion.

He should have taken part in the discussion.

(b) She allowed him to go out too early after his illness.

She shouldn't have allowed him to go out so early after his illness.

1. She didn't follow the doctor's advice. 2. We came to the party without an invitation. 3. He upset her by his bad behaviour. 4. They didn't allow her to go on the excursion. She was so eager to go. 5. They smoked in class. 6. I missed this wonderful chance. 7. He didn't win first place. He had not trained hard enough. 8. We didn't let him make another attempt. 9. She went there alone.

Ex 22 Complete the situations, expressing advice, reproach, regret by using ‘should', mind the form of the infinitive.

1. I didn't know it would rain. (take an umbrella). 2. You can't afford to make such a mistake again, (be careful next time). 3. Her advice was reasonable, (follow). 4. You are very tired, (have a rest). 5. Where is Mary? (be back long ago). 6. It seems that he forgot all about his promise, (remind about it). 7. I didn't know the museum was such a long way from here. (take a taxi). 8. They lost their way. (not turn to the left; go straight). 9. It's going to be a long trip (take sth to eat on the train). 10. Where is the doctor? (send for immediately). 11. He often misses lectures and lessons, (attend regularly). 12. She forgot what she wanted to say. (not interrupt).

Ex 23 Translate the following sentences, using 'should', mind the form of the infinitive.

1. Вам надо было сдавать экзамены со всеми остальными студентами. 2. Мне не следовало упускать случай поговорить с ним об этом деле. 3. Этот вопрос надо поднять на следующем заседании. 4. Не надо портить глаза. Зажги свет. 5. Ему следует держать все вещи в порядке и на своих местах, тогда ему не придется искать каждый пустяк. 6. Вы должны были закончить эту работу давно. Вы уже, по-моему, работаете над этой проблемой год. 7. Он сказал, что ей следует прислушаться к голосу разума. 8. Напрасно вы не предупредили ее об изменении в расписании. 9. Они сказали, что вам следовало приехать хотя бы на день раньше.

Modal Verb "Need"

Ex 24 Study the following chart.

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech)
absence of necessity	You needn't hurry. (There is no need for you to hurry.) He needn't speak so loud. (Everybody can hear him.) She said that I needn't go there.
	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
	You needn't have come so early. (There was no need for him to come so early, but he did come.) She needn't have translated the article. (But she did translate it.) He said that I needn't have gone there. (But I had gone there.)

Ex 25 Paraphrase the following sentences, using 'need'.

1. It's not necessary for you to leave so early. 2. It is not necessary for you to repeat it so many times. 3. Why are you talking in a whisper? Nobody is sleeping. 4. It wasn't necessary for you to trouble him. They were quite able to do the work without him. 5. Why did you raise this question again? It had been settled. 6. It wasn't necessary for you to buy a new coat this year. 7. She got worried quite unnecessarily. 8. It was a waste of time to talk to him on the subject.

Ex 26 Translate the following sentences into English, using 'need'.

1. Нам не нужно брать такси. Вокзал недалеко отсюда. 2. Ей не нужно было садиться на восьмичасовой поезд. Она стояла всю дорогу. 3. Вам не нужно звонить ей. Она уже пришла. 4. Не удивительно, что вы заблудились. Вам не нужно было переходить железную дорогу. Деревня на этой стороне. 5. Ей незачем напоминать о том, что ей нужно делать. Она сама всё помнит. 6. Вы можете не есть суп, если не хотите. 7. Вам не нужно было давать им никаких обещаний. 8. Он сказал, что ей незачем было волноваться. 9. Он сказал, что мне можно не возвращать книги в понедельник.

Ех 27 Compare the meaning of 'should' and 'have to'; 'should' and 'must'; 'should' and 'need'. Translate the sentences into Russian.

(A) 1. (і) She has to get up very early. Her office is a long way from here. (ii) She should get up very early, then she won't be late again. 2. (і) She doesn't have to make her son read. He is fond of reading. (ii) She shouldn't make her son read much, his eyes are very weak. 3. (і) It was so noisy in the hall. He had to shout to be heard, (ii) They didn't hear him. He should have shouted to be heard. 4. (і) Не didn't have to remind her of her promise. She was as good as her word. (ii) He shouldn't have reminded her of her promise. She was hurt.

(B) 1. (і) You must see the doctor, (ii) You should see the doctor. 2. (і) You mustn't smoke, (ii) You shouldn't smoke. 3. (і) You needn't go to her. You can phone her. (ii) You shouldn't go to her. She is too ill to see anybody. 4. (і) You needn't have warned her about the danger. She knew about it better than anybody else. (ii) You shouldn't have warned her about the danger. You've frightened her.

Mixed Bag

Ex 28 Insert 'had to', 'didn't have to' or 'should + perfect inf.' or 'shouldn't + perfect inf.' according to the sense.

1. You — (wake) me up. Why did you? You know, I don't have to go to the office today. 2. I — (wake) him up because I was afraid he would be late again. 3. He — (wait) for the next train long and arrived in time for the plane. 4. He — (take) an early train not to miss the plane. He has lost a whole day for nothing. 5. We — (wait) for her, because she never came at all. 6. I — (tell) him about it personally, I wrote him a letter. 7. You — (say) anything, nobody asked you. Now you've ruined our plan. 8. She — (stay) at the hotel until she received the money from home. 9. She — (stay) at the hotel another day. Why did she break the arrangement? 10. They—(argue), they came to an agreement almost at once.

Ex 29 Translate the following sentences, using 'should', 'have to' and 'need' according to the sense.

1. Вам не было необходимости ехать за билетами на вокзал. Их надо было заказать по телефону. 2. Раньше ему приходилось делать пересадку два раза, когда он ехал в институт. 3. Тебе не надо было делать пересадку. Восьмой автобус идет прямо до моего дома. 4. Вам незачем было ехать туда одной. 5. Мне следовало пригласить его тоже. 6. Нам не приходится решать такие вопросы. 7. Он сказал, что мне тоже следовало принять участие в работе клуба. 8. Она сказала, мне следует позвонить ему. 9. Они сказали, что нам не нужно платить за билеты. Они бесплатные. 10. Я должен был вернуться до их возвращения, поэтому я вышел раньше. 11. Вам незачем идти на шестой этаж пешком. В доме есть лифт. 12. Не следует расстраивать его из-за таких пустяков. 13. Вам придется согласиться с нашим планом. 14. После такой напряженной работы вам следует хорошо отдохнуть.

Link-Verbs^*

Ex 30 State whether the verb in bold type is a link-verb or a notional verb. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He looked sadly at me. 2. He looked sad when he watched the ships leave the port. 3. What has become of him? 4. He has become quite a famous man. 5. The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 6. Unable to find the ticket he got more and more excited. 7. When he got the ticket he nervously looked at the clock on the building. 8. He turned angrily around. 9. She turned as pale as death when she heard the news. 10. How quickly you are growing! 11. How tall you've grown. 12. She grows flowers in her garden. 13. What has gone wrong with my watch, I wonder? 14. Where has he gone?

Ex 31 Study the following chart.

Link-Verbs of Being and Seeming	Link-Verbs of Becoming	Link-Verbs of Remaining
be young, old, strong, a teacher, a woman, etc	become old, clever, sad, a sailor, a student, etc	remain silent, unmoved, untouched, friends, ene-mies, etc
seem tired, difficult, strange, etc	get dark, pale, tired, worried, etc	keep fine, warm, etc
look ugly, nice, funny; like a doctor, professor, etc	turn red, pale, yellow, etc	stay cold, good, well, etc
	go mad, bad, etc
feel ill, hurt, foolish, un- comfortable, ashamed, etc	run dry, cold, etc
	fall ill, silent, asleep, etc
sound pleasant, strange, angry, etc	grow old, tall, small, grey, etc

Ex 32 Open the brackets, using the correct form of the link-verb.

1. You (look) ill lately 1 What's wrong with you? 2. The weather (get) colder and colder. Winter is coming. 3. She nearly (go) mad when she learned the sad news. 4. I don't know why he always (turn) red, when her name is mentioned. 5. I (feel) unwell since this bad fall of mine. 6. As time went by he (grow) more and more worried. 7. Autumn is not around the corner. The leaves and grass (turn) red and yellow. 8. If you don't put the meat into the refrigerator immediately, it (go) bad in no time. 9. The work (seem) easy only before you try it. 10. Cole-man's blood (run) cold when he heard Rino say: "...as mad as Barney's Joe." 11. When you (become) a teacher, you will see for yourself what a difficult job it is. 12. When he returned home after the war, the first thing he noticed about his mother was that her hair (grow) completely grey. 13. It (grow) dark when we returned home. 14. The plan (not sound) very reasonable. 15. The women (fall) silent remembering the sad moment. 16. They had a bad accident but he (remain) unhurt.

Ex 33 Answer the following questions, using the link-verbs given in brackets.

1. Why has he put on a warm coat? (become cold). 2. Why does she look older than her age? (grow grey). 3. Why did they decide to cut off this tree? (grow tall; dark in the room). 4. Why was he taken to hospital so suddenly? (fall ill). 5. Why have you switched on the light? (get dark). 6. Why don't you want to speak to her now? (look tired). 7. Why can't you wear the black suit? (get small). 8. Why doesn't he look at us? (feel ashamed). 9. What makes you think he is displeased? (sound angry). 10. Why doesn't she wear this hat? (look ugly). 11. Why can't we touch these flowers? (look beautiful; be harmful). 12. Why does the wood look so beautiful in autumn? (turn red, yellow; remain green).

Ex 34 Choose the right link-verb from the list.

grow, remain, fall, seem, sound, go, feel, stay

1. The hat made him — taller. 2. It was a long time before I — asleep. 3. The letters — unanswered. 4. As he spoke, his voice — firmer. 5. He felt himself — pale. 6. His face — hot. 7. The suit — too small for him. 8. Some of the restaurants — open late on Saturday.

Ex 35 Fill in the blanks with a suitable link-verb.

1. Suddenly he felt that he was — red for no reason at all. 2. I am sure he will — an artist, he is so fond of painting. 3. Has she — ill? What's wrong with her? 4. Don't speak to her now, she — angry. I'm sure it's the wrong moment. 5. Water the flowers before it has — completely dark. 6. It is — colder and colder. Winter will be here in no time. 7. The days are — longer. It's no longer dark at eight o'clock in the morning. 8. I think one reason why the room is dark is that tree. It's — too tall. It's — really big. 9. You — rather tired this morning. Are you feeling well? 10. What does he think he is doing? He's — wrong. That's what it is.

Ex 36 Translate the following sentences, using suitable link-verbs.

1. Мы разведем костер, когда совсем стемнеет. 2. Он чувствовал себя пристыженным и не знал, что сказать. 3. Он только кажется безобидным, а на самом деле он тяжелый человек. 4. Все в деревне знали, что он очень болен, но никто не знал, как ему помочь. 5. Когда он начал кричать на нее, она побледнела. Она не могла понять, что с ним случилось. 6. Он очень похож на своего отца. 7. По мере того как мы поднимались в гору, дорога становилась все опаснее. 8. Он промолчал весь вечер и выглядел печальным. 9. У него был действительно смешной вид в этом костюме, и не удивительно, что он привлекал всеобщее внимание. 10. Идея нам показалась очень разумной. 11. Лил не могли понять, почему у нее был такой испуганный вид. 12. Они подружились сразу и остались друзьями на всю жизнь.

Mixed Bag

Ex 37 Fill In the blanks with 'be to', 'have to', 'should', 'could', 'need' with the correct form of the Infinitive given in brackets.

Helena — (lunch) with her father, who was arriving on a sleeper from Cleveland in the morning; they — (go) shopping together for her mother's anniversary present. She — (meet) him at the Savoy plaza hotel where he kept a bedroom and sitting room for the times when he came to New York on business.

So when the telephone rang in the morning, Helena thought it was her father, but it was Nora declaring that she — (see) Helena right away. Helena felt that Nora wanted to speak about her ugly behaviour at the party the night before when Helena had caught her kissing Kay's husband. Helena — (not discuss) the matter on the telephone. She knew that Nora was worried, but said Nora — (not worry), she wouldn't breathe a word to a soul.

Nora suggested that Helena — (come) round to her place and Helena found herself agreeing. Her father was surprised when she said she — (not meet) him for lunch as she — (see) a friend. He said reproachfully she — (refuse). He — (not see) what was so urgent that it — (not wait) till afternoon. Helena was unable to see herself why Nora — (not meet) her the next day. But when Helena suggested this, there was a silence on the other end of the wire and Nora said: "Never mind, forget it, I — (guess) that you wouldn't want to see me," which made Helena say it wasn't true and promise to come at once. The moment she put down the receiver she felt she — (agree). She wasn't looking forward to the interview.

(After "The Group" by Mary McCarthy)

Ex 38 Open the brackets, using correct tense forms (active and passive). Retell the passage.

THE GIRL WHO KNEW JU-JITSU

After Hermione (choose) Freddy Fitzhugh from among her many admirers everybody (find) that she (make) a good choice. Freddy (be) well-to-do, good-looking and no fool. Their engagement (talk) much about. They (be) to get married at the end of May.

On a fine spring morning they (go) together to Bond Street^* to choose rings. One after another rings (show) to Hermione and she (discuss) them with a knowledge that (surprise) Freddy and (delight) the owner of the shop. While they (examine) the rings two men (enter) the shop and (ask) to show them some bracelets. Several bracelets (put) on the counter in front of them. But the men (be) much more difficult to please than Hermione (be). It (seem) to the shop assistant that they never (come) to a decision. They (examine) the bracelets for some time when things (begin) to happen at once. A car (drive) up at the shop and (not be) there for more than a minute when one of the men (strike) the assistant on the head while the other (take) half a dozen bracelets that (lie) on the counter and (start) running toward the door.

Freddy (see) that Hermione (stand) alone at the door. She (make) no attempt to step out of the man's way. Freddy (think) she (be) too paralyzed by terror to move. The man who (approach) the door now (raise) his hand to strike her. But he never (do). At the last moment Hermione (move) a step aside and the man (go) head first through the shop window. All this (take) only a few seconds of time.

"You should (tell) me you knew Ju-Jitsu," Freddy (say).

"I (teach) by an expert."

"I see," Freddy (say). "You know, Hermione, there (be) quite a few things about you that I (not know)."

(After "The Story of Hermione" by Cyril Hare)

Ex 39 Rewrite (or retell) in narrative form.

The next time he saw her was at the monthly fair.

"Hello, Maggie," he said, and wondered that he got pleasure out of pronouncing her name.

"Hello, Coleman," she said.

"You have cattle?"

"There they are," she said. And he looked at them, and there were three and they were good, small black mountain cattle.

"They are not too bad," he said. "What are you asking for them?"

"Fifty pounds each," said Maggie, and Coleman laughed and said: "What? Are they filled with gold, or what?"

"No, they are filled with meat and they are the best cattle in the fair."

But Coleman wanted to bargain. "I'll give you forty for each of them."

"Coleman, you know that they are worth more than that, and even if I have to walk them home again I will do so."

And, strangely enough, he was very pleased that she was bargaining, and it took him three-quarters of an hour to bring the price down to thirty shillings on each of them and they struck the bargain and he shook her hand.

(After "Barney's Maggie" by W. Macken)