- •1. Stylistic as a branch of science. Subjects, methods, related research and the differences between them.
- •2. The notion of style.
- •3. The notion of stylistic markedness
- •6.Expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Expressiveness, evaluation, emotiveness.
- •5. The notion of variation. Variation is English language.
- •7. Spoken English and Written English.
- •12. The stylistic devices of zeugma and pun.
- •9.The stylistic device of metaphor.
- •13. The stylistic devices of oxymoron and antonomasia.
- •8. The notion of stylistic function
- •14. The stylistic devices of simile and hyperbole.
- •10. The stylistic devices of metonymy and irony.
- •11. The stylistic devices of epithet.
- •16. The stylistic devices of allusion and decomposition of set phrases.
- •15. The stylistic devices of periphrasis and euphemism.
- •20. The stylistic devices of asyndeton, polysyndeton and the gap-sentence link.
- •17. The stylistic devices of inversion, chiasmus and parallel structures.
- •18. The stylistic devices of repetition, enumeration and suspense
- •38. The newspaper headline.
- •19. The stylistic devices of detached constructions, climax(gradation) and antithesis.
- •21. The stylistic devices of ellipsis, aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative), question in the narrative.
- •22. The stylistic devices of litotes and rhetorical question.
- •24. The stylistic devices of onomatopoeia, alliteration and assonance.
- •23. Free indirect thought and free indirect speech
- •26. The stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Special colloquial vocabulary.
- •25. The stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Special literary vocabulary.
- •30. Poetry. The notion of poetic conventions. Types of poetic conventions.
- •27. The notion of functional style. Approaches to the research into functional style. Classifications of fs.
- •29. Emotive prose.
- •28. The belles-lettres style
- •33. The language of drama
- •31. Rhyme, metre and rhythm.
- •35. The style of scientific discourse.
- •32. Lexical and syntactical features of poetry.
- •34. Publicist style.
- •36. The style of official documents.
- •37. The style of mass communication. The British Newspaper style.
30. Poetry. The notion of poetic conventions. Types of poetic conventions.
Language of poetry
The first substyle is verse. Its first differentiating property is its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactical and semantic peculiarities which also fall into a more or less strict orderly arrangement. Both the syntactical and semantic aspects of the poetic substyle may be defined as compact, for they are held in check by rhythmic patterns. Syntactically this brevity is shown in elliptical and fragmentary sentences, in detached constructions, in inversion, asyndeton and other syntactical peculiarities.
Rhythm and rhyme are immediately distinguishable properties of the poetic substyle provided they are wrought into compositional patterns. The various compositional forms of rhyme and rhythm are generally studied under the terms versification or prosody.
The poetical language remains and will always remain a specific mode of communication differing from prose. The poetic words and phrases, peculiar syntactical arrangement, orderly phonetic and rhythmical patterns have long been the signals of poetic language. But the most important of all is the power of the words used in poetry to express more than they usually signify in ordinary language.
27. The notion of functional style. Approaches to the research into functional style. Classifications of fs.
F.S. is a variety of the lang. used to identify specific socioling. situations. Concept of F.S. we need to mention that there are 2 major approaches to the concept of f.s.: functional and variation ones. 1) Func. app. - -I 925 a russ. researcher Vinokur differentiated functionally motivated ling. syst. For ex. colloquial, poetic, scientific, newspaper, belle-lettres. The notion of F.S. was introduced by Prague ling. group. F.S. – lang. mans which function as instrument for stylistic purposes. These ling means form only a specific manner of organization of concrete utterances. F.S. do not exist separately from the rest of lang. The func. app. falls into monofunc. & polyfunc. app-s. Monofunc. app – func. corresponds to style or 1 func can correspond to several styles. Гальперин – F.S. – a syst. of interrelated lang. means & the syst. serves a definite aim in communication. Виноградов singles out 3 functions and 5 f.s.: communicative func., which corresponds with style of conversation; informative func. – style of scientific prose; style of official docs; pragmatic – belle-letrres style; journalism. Polyfunc. app. – the same fun car inherent in diff. styles. Степанов: a f.s. as a historically developed & socially cognized subsist. within the syst. of a national lang. assigned to certain communicative situations known as speech situations and characterized by a set of means of expressions and the underlying principles of their selection from the national lang. Швейцер: spoke about f.s. as not a particular social speech situation but a class of such situations. 2) Variation app. Ленквист offers a number of definitions of f.s. – a kind of ling. variation., it can be described as fuzzy set of texts, conditioned variation. Проф. Наер: f.s. – socially recognized and functionally conditioned model of syst. ling. var.
Conditioning factors: 1) aim of communication 2) sphere of communication 3) sociocultural development 4) individual and communal choices. the features of the style can be divided into 2 categ.: primary & secondary. Primary – predominant specific features conditioned by extra-ling. properties of th style: prescriptive, mandatory, precise & impersonal. Secondary: style markers, they are lang. properties attributed to this or that f.s.: passive constr., parallel struct.
Classific. of F.S.^ by Galperin: belle-lettres, publicist, newspaper, scientific, official docs. Наер: гальперин + technical style. Арнольд: гальперин + style of conversation. Кристалл & Дэви + style of religion, style of legal docs. The syst of f.s. is in constant development. F.S. is a patterned variety of literary text characterized by the greatr or lesser typification of its constituence, superphrasal units, in which the choice & arrangements of interdependent and intervowen lang are calculated for the purpose of communication.