- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
Stratification of Language
We should distinguish between language as an abstract system of signs (meaningful unite) and speech as the use of language in the process of communication. Language and speech are interconnected. Language functions in speech. Speech is the manifestation of language. The system of language is constituted by 3 subsystems: phonetics, vocabulary, grammar. Grammar may be defined as a system of word changing and other means of expressing relations of words in the sentence. The 3 constituent parts of language are studied by the corresponding linguistic disciplines: phonology, lexicology, grammar. Main units of Grammar are a word and sentence. A word may be divided into morphemes, a sentence may be divided into phrases (word- groups). A. morpheme, a word", a phrase and a sentence are units of different levels of language structure. A unit of a higher level consists of one or more units of a lower level.Grammar as a part of Language is a system presenting meaning through oppositions of variants of units.
Grammatical units enter into two types of relations: in the language system (paradigmatic relations) and in speech (syntagmatic relations).
In the language system each unit is included into a set of connections based on different properties. For example, word forms child, children, child's, children's have the same lexical meaning and have different grammatical meanings. They constitute a lexeme.
Syntagmatic relations are the relations in an utterance:
I like children.Paradigmatic relationships reflect the ability of a unit to substitute for other units in the same position, and the only question they can give answer to is “What units can substitute for the selected unit and for what units can the selected one substitute?”
Syntagmatic relations exist in speech, paradigmatic relations exist in the system of the language, but yet they are interdependent. As formulated by F. de Saussure, the paradigmatic relations are curtailed syntagmatic relations and the syntagmatic relations are curtailed paradigmatic relations.
Stratification .the Grammar of Language embraces all its levels and units. The problem is: how many and what sorts of units must we recognise to be sure that our model of language (i.e. the theory of language) should be its correct representation?
Language is a means of communication. the main aim of language due to its definition is to create conditions for communication. So the biggest structure language should provide us with is dialogue. Then it must give us a possibility to show our position in the event we speak about. So the next structure is a communicativepart (role). Then we have to inform each other about the matter we speak of. So the next structure is an utterance or, in other terms, text. And language provides us with a sentence. Sentences, being models of fragments of states of things, must represent relations of things for which end language provides us with members of sentence. Because relations can exist only if there are objects, we need names of these objects. And language provides us with words. Then, to operate as names, words need elements which we know as morphemes. And finally we find phonemes, the material substance to make it all perceptible.