МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «БАШКИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АГРАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

ГСЭ.Ф.01. Иностранный язык (английский)

Сборник текстов и заданий

Специальность 111400

«Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура»

Уфа 2011

УДК 811.111

ББК 81.2 Англ.

С 23

Обсуждено и одобрено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков (протокол № 9 от 22 марта 2011 г.)

Рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией биолого-технологического факультета (протокол № от 2011 г.)

Составитель: ст.преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Р.А. Юсупова

Рецензент: доцент, к.социол. н. Р.Ф.Азметова

Ответственный за выпуск – зав. кафедрой иностранных языков, к.филол.н., доцент Новикова О.Н.

1 Aquaculture

Aquaculture, a type of agriculture, is the practice of cultivating aquatic animals and plants in managed aquatic environments. Aquaculture in salt-water or marine environments is called mariculture. Fish culture, or pisciculture, refers to the husbandry of finfish. The most popular aquaculture species are finfish grown in fresh waters, accounting for over 40 percent of total aquaculture production.

Agriculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. More simply, aquaculture is underwater agriculture. The concept is not new. One-fish culture began in China perhaps as much as 4000 years ago. The Egyptian tombs have pictographs indicating that certain types of fishes were being reared during the days of the Pharaohs, and oyster culture was being practiced under the Roman Empire.

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish Mariculture refers to aquaculture practised in marine environments.

The output, as reported, from aquaculture would supply one half of the fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans. However, there are issues about the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several pounds of wild fish are used to produce one pound of a piscivorous fish like salmon.

Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics, which integrates fish farming and plant farming.

Vocabulary

pisciculture	рыбоводство
husbandry	хозяйство
finfish	рыбные объекты
shellfish	нерыбные объекты(ракообразные, моллюски и т.д.)
To rear	выращивать, выводить, культивировать
oyster	устрица
crustaceans	ракообразные
molluscs	моллюски
salmon	лосось
shrimp	креветки
seaweed	морские водоросли
aquaponics	аквапоника

Answer the questions

1. What is aquaculture?

2. What is called mariculture?

3. When did one-fish culture begin?

4. What does aquaculture include?

2 Aquaculture’s beginnings

The roots of aquaculture trace back 4,000 years to China where carp were cultured, and before that to Egypt where early pictorial depictions dating to 2500 B.C.E. show tilapia being fished out of a tank. The earliest known written record of fish culture techniques is attributed to Fan Li, of China, who in 475 B.C.E. described propagation methods, pond construction, and growth characteristics of common carp.

From those early beginnings to the present, common carp is the best understood of all aquaculture species. Common carp reportedly were grown in Europe 2,000 years ago, and, although the ancient Greeks and Romans held fish in ponds, more advanced techniques for breeding and growing fish in managed environments in Europe were first devised 1,000 years ago.

The Japanese, Polynesian Hawaiians, and Mayans were also early practitioners of fish culture. In the United States, nineteenth-century scientists developed techniques for breeding rainbow trout in captivity. Rainbow trout have since been transplanted from their native Western U.S. streams to many countries in Europe, Africa, and South and Central America.