1. How long did the Tudors rule England?

2. What did Henry VII do to secure his hold on the throne?

3. Why did Cardinal Wolsey fall from king’s grace?

4. What did Henry VIII do after he had renounced the papal supremacy?

5. Did any of Henry’s wives die a natural death?

Exercise 3.12

Group work. Read the text and choose the English equivalents from the right column for the Russian words given in brackets.

Example: 1- g

ENGLISH EXPANSION

England’s internal condition delayed its entrance into the competition for empire. England was (1. раздираема на части) by the Wars of the Roses. In 1485 a new dynasty under Henry Tudor (2. восстановил порядок) and made the monarch master of England. By the time of Henry VIII the Tudors had stabilized their rule. Eager to continue the dynasty, Henry VIII sought a (3. наследник мужского пола) whose succession would not (4. вызовет волну возмущения оппозиции). The king hoped that a new wife would produce a (5. наследника мужского пола) but the pope refused to grant him a divorce. He rejected Rome as the authentic voice of Christianity. The (6. Английская Реформация) gave the crown influence of the Roman Church. By confiscating the monasteries and granting their lands to supporters, the Tudors encouraged the rise of wealthy new families. English political and economic sys­tems (7. испытали перемены). Most Englishmen lived on the land and laboured to satisfy their own wants. But now (8.8. производство, ориентированное на продажу) became very important. Population enlarged from three to four million inhabitants. This growth depended on

a) male heir

b) the English Reformation

c) underwent change

d) restored order

e) more efficient means of agriculture

f) production for markets

g) torn apart by the war

h) profitable

i) overseas colonies

j) stir opposition

k) roamed the English countryside

l) enclosure movement

wealth which came from more (9. эффективные методы ведения сельского хозяйства). The landowners found it (10. выгодный) to consolidate the lands of poorer grain farmers. On the enclosed, larger holdings they raised sheep and marketed their wool abroad where it was manufactured into cloth. The (11. политика огораживания) increased in tempo in the sixteenth century, pushing farmers off their lands without providing them alternative employment. As a result, “sturdy beggars” (12. бродить по английским дорогам). Unemployment led some to believe that England was overpopulated and could employ surplus labour in (13. заморских колониях).

Exercise 3.13

Individual work. Read the sentences and choose the English equivalents from the right column for the Russian words given in italics.

Example: 1-e

CARDINAL WOLSEY

After Henry VIII, Wolsey was the most (1. powerful) individual in England. As Lord Chancellor he controlled the whole (2. bureaucratic) machinery of government. Wolsey’s power extended over the council and the courts. As cardinal Wolsey exercised all the powers of the pope in England. No wonder contemporaries believed he had greater powers than the king, since he combined both secular and ecclesiastical powers in his person. Perhaps this (3. unique) position was a lesson to Henry VIII of how successful a (4. combination) of church and state under royal supremacy could be. And yet the speed and finality of Wolsey’s fall in 1529, at the king’s will, is a measure of the reality of royal power in the hands of Henry VIII.

For 15 years, the focus for Wolsey’s administration was the council. Wolsey treated parliament with (5.contempt), but then expected it to finance his foreign affairs. He called it twice but had to rely on non-parliamentary taxation. Between 1514 and 1529, Wolsey was master of the realm, and the richest man of his time. Hampton Court Palace was built for him and his household of about 500, but he gave it to Henry in afruitless effort to (6. regain) his favour. Both the king and his Chancellor were alike in that they were active, ambitious and (7.ostentatious), but different in that Wolsey worked harder than Henry. The volume of work performed during his chancellorship, especially in the judiciary, was phenomenal. Under him, justice was swift, fines heavy and