- •1 Analyze stem, root of the words, and give their types.
- •2 Analyze the problems of Lexicology according to their importance in Lexicology.
- •3 Compare verbal and non-verbal causes of semantic change.
- •4 Compare and contrast linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •5 Compare the results of change fom the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •7 Comment on types of context, give examples.
- •8 Compare denotational and connotational types of word-meaning.
- •9 Compare and contrast amelioration and pejoration of meanings.
- •11 Contrast the major and minor types of word-classes.
- •12 Define the morphological, phonetic and semantic types of motivation.
- •17 Discuss on the difference between comparative and contrastive types of Lexicology.
- •18 Differetiate Descriptive and Historical types of Lexicology.
- •19 Express your attitude on linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •20. Say about the linguistic and extra-linguistic causes.
- •21 Evaluate the theoretical and pracical values of Lexicology. Express your points of view.
- •22 Explain the semantic change from the denotational point of view.
- •23 Explain the semantic change from the connotational point of view.
- •25 Explain the productivity and non-productivity of affixes.
- •26 Explain the native and borrowed affixes in English, give differences.
- •27 Evaluate each types of word-meaning, illustrate with examples.
- •28 Formulate the differences between external and internal structures of a word.
- •29 Give the right definitions on sound-interchange, word, polysemy.
- •30 Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •31 Give the types of morphemes according to the position, give examples.
- •32 Give the general types of morphemes.
- •34 Give the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
- •34 Give the differences between generalization and specialization of meanings.
- •35 Give the major types of word-formation and give examples.
- •38 Speculate on the theoretical and practical importance of Lexicology.
- •39 Speak on elevation and degradation of meanings and give examples.
- •40 Speak on narrowing and extension of meanings, give examples.
- •41 State out main problems of Lexicology according to the system it deals with.
- •42 Show the difference between lexical and grammatical types of word-meaning.
- •44 Show the difference between free and bound lexical, grammatical types of morphemes.
- •46 State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •47 Speak on English word-formation system
- •48 Write about minor types of word-formation, give examples.
- •49 Write about Lexicology, types of Lexicology and object of investigation.
- •50 Write about the types of shorteed words according to their importance.
- •29.Define the ways of formation of affixation, compound words and conversion.
- •30.Define the ways of formation of blending, reduplication and sound-interchange.
- •31. Define the ways of formation of back-formation, sound-imitation and shortenings.
- •32. Express your attitude on causes, nature and results of semantic change.
- •33.Point out linguistic and other functions of a word.
- •34. Give the aims and objectives of Lexicology.
- •35.Speak on motivation and types of motivation.
- •36.Give the general types of morphemes.
- •37.Give the types of morphemes according to the position. Give examples
- •38. Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •39.State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •40.Compare the analytical, functional and operational categories of definition of meaning.
- •41.Differentiate General and Special types of Lexicology.
35.Speak on motivation and types of motivation.
One more notion you should know when we speak about the meaning of the word is motivation.
There are three types of motivation.
The morphological motivation is a direct connection between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning. It is the relationship between morphemes. F: one morpheme words sing, tell, eat are non-motivated, if we add suffixes or prefixes and form words as singer, rewrite, eatable they are described as motivated.
The phonetical motivation is a direct connection between the phonetical structure of the word and its meaning. F: words swish, sizzle, boom, splash they may be defined as phonetically motivated because the soundclusters are a direct imitation of the sounds these words denote.
The semantic motivation is a relationship between the central and coexisting meaning or meanings of a word which are understood as a metaphorical extension of the central meaning. It means generalization of the denotational meaning of a word permitting it to include new referents which are in some way like the original class of referents. F: a woman who has given birth is called a mother, by extension, any act that gives birth is associated with being a mother. A necessity is the mother of invention, a mother looks after a child, so that we can say she became a mother to her orphan nephew, also mother country, a mother tongue.
36.Give the general types of morphemes.
Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical and grammatical morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound. Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words. Free grammatical morphemes are function words: articles, conjunctions and prepositions.
Bound lexical morphemes are affixes: prefixes, suffixes and also blocked root morphemes.
Bound grammatical morphemes are inflexions (endings).
According to the nature and the number of morphemes constituting a word there are different structural types of words in English: simple, derived, compound, compound-derived.
37.Give the types of morphemes according to the position. Give examples
According to the position morphemes can be divided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
Ex: a) prefixes of negative meaning, as in- , non-, un- (invaluable, nonformals, unfree)
b) prefixes denoting repetition or reversal actions, as: de-, re-, dis- (decolonize, revegetation, disconnect)
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prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, as: inter-, hyper-, ex-, pre-, over- (interplanetary, hypertension, ex-student, preelection, overdrugging)
Ex: Some productive affixes
Noun-forming suffixes: -er, -ing, -ness, -ism, -ist, -ance(teacher,raeding,illness,realism, importance)
Adjective-forming suffixes: y, -ish, -ed, -able, -less(sunny,open-hearted,comparable,unless)
Adverb-forming suffixes: -ly(lovely)
Verb-forming suffixes: -ize, -ise, -ate(criticize,adaptate)
Some non-productive affixes
Noun-forming suffixes: -th, -hood(youth,childhood)
Adjective-forming suffixes: -ly, -some, -en, -ous(exactly,handsome,generous)
Verb-forming suffix: -en(heaven).