- •1 Analyze stem, root of the words, and give their types.
- •2 Analyze the problems of Lexicology according to their importance in Lexicology.
- •3 Compare verbal and non-verbal causes of semantic change.
- •4 Compare and contrast linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •5 Compare the results of change fom the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •7 Comment on types of context, give examples.
- •8 Compare denotational and connotational types of word-meaning.
- •9 Compare and contrast amelioration and pejoration of meanings.
- •11 Contrast the major and minor types of word-classes.
- •12 Define the morphological, phonetic and semantic types of motivation.
- •17 Discuss on the difference between comparative and contrastive types of Lexicology.
- •18 Differetiate Descriptive and Historical types of Lexicology.
- •19 Express your attitude on linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •20. Say about the linguistic and extra-linguistic causes.
- •21 Evaluate the theoretical and pracical values of Lexicology. Express your points of view.
- •22 Explain the semantic change from the denotational point of view.
- •23 Explain the semantic change from the connotational point of view.
- •25 Explain the productivity and non-productivity of affixes.
- •26 Explain the native and borrowed affixes in English, give differences.
- •27 Evaluate each types of word-meaning, illustrate with examples.
- •28 Formulate the differences between external and internal structures of a word.
- •29 Give the right definitions on sound-interchange, word, polysemy.
- •30 Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •31 Give the types of morphemes according to the position, give examples.
- •32 Give the general types of morphemes.
- •34 Give the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
- •34 Give the differences between generalization and specialization of meanings.
- •35 Give the major types of word-formation and give examples.
- •38 Speculate on the theoretical and practical importance of Lexicology.
- •39 Speak on elevation and degradation of meanings and give examples.
- •40 Speak on narrowing and extension of meanings, give examples.
- •41 State out main problems of Lexicology according to the system it deals with.
- •42 Show the difference between lexical and grammatical types of word-meaning.
- •44 Show the difference between free and bound lexical, grammatical types of morphemes.
- •46 State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •47 Speak on English word-formation system
- •48 Write about minor types of word-formation, give examples.
- •49 Write about Lexicology, types of Lexicology and object of investigation.
- •50 Write about the types of shorteed words according to their importance.
- •29.Define the ways of formation of affixation, compound words and conversion.
- •30.Define the ways of formation of blending, reduplication and sound-interchange.
- •31. Define the ways of formation of back-formation, sound-imitation and shortenings.
- •32. Express your attitude on causes, nature and results of semantic change.
- •33.Point out linguistic and other functions of a word.
- •34. Give the aims and objectives of Lexicology.
- •35.Speak on motivation and types of motivation.
- •36.Give the general types of morphemes.
- •37.Give the types of morphemes according to the position. Give examples
- •38. Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •39.State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •40.Compare the analytical, functional and operational categories of definition of meaning.
- •41.Differentiate General and Special types of Lexicology.
30.Define the ways of formation of blending, reduplication and sound-interchange.
The term blending is used to designate the method of merging parts of words into one new word; the result is a blend, also known as a portmanteau word. Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends two way of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition. To form a blend we clip the end of the first component and the beginning of the second component. As a result we have a compound-shortened word. One of the first blends in English was the word “smog” from two synonyms smoke and fog which means smoke mixed with fog. Cinemadict from cinema addict, chunnel from canal and channel, dramedy from drama and comedy, faction from fact fiction-fiction based on real facts, informecial from information commercial, medicare from medical care, slanguist from slang linguist.
Blending: Parts (which are not morphemes!) of two already-existing words are put together to form a new word. Examples: motel (motor hotel) brunch (breakfast & lunch), smog (smoke & fog), telethon (television & marathon), modem (modulator & demodulator), Spanglish (Spanish & English).
Reduplication
New words are made by doubling a stem either without any phonetic changes or with a varation of the root vowel or consonant as in ping-pong, chit-chat, bye-bye, stylistically speaking most words are made by reduplication represent informal groups colloquialisms and slang.
Reduplication is the morphological process by which a morpheme is repeated, thereby creating a new word with a different word class. There are two types of reduplication: partial which reduplicates only part of the morpheme and full in which the entire morpheme is reduplicated.
Sound-interchange
They may be defined as an opposition in which words or word forms are differentiated due to an alternation in the phonemic composition of the root. It means some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English, it was productive in old English and can be met in other Indo-European languages. In many cases we have vowel and consonant interchange. In nouns we have voiceless consonants and in verbs we have corresponding voiced consonants because in old English these consonants in nouns were at the end of the word and in verbs in the intervocal position. F: life-to live, blood-to bleed, hot-to heat, to sing-song.
31. Define the ways of formation of back-formation, sound-imitation and shortenings.
Backformation: A suffix identifiable from other words is cut off of a base which has previously not been a word; that base then is used as a root, and becomes a word through widespread use. Examples: pronunciate (< pronunciation < pronounce), resurrect (< resurrection), enthuse (< enthusiasm), self-destruct (< self-destruction < destroy), burgle (< burglar), attrit (< attrition), burger (< hamburger). This differs from clipping in that, in clipping, some phonological part of the word which is not interpretable as an affix or word is cut off (e.g. the '-essor' of 'professor' is not a suffix or word; nor is the '-ther' of 'brother'. In backformation, the bit chopped off is a recognizable affix or word ('ham ' in 'hamburger'), '-ion' in 'self-destruction'. Backformation is the result of a false but plausible morphological analysis of the word; clipping is a strictly phonological process that is used to make the word shorter. Clipping is based on syllable structure, not morphological analysis. It is impossible for you to recognize backformed words or come up with examples from your own knowledge of English, unless you already know the history of the word. Most people do not know the history of the words they know; this is normal.
Sound imitation
Words are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimated objects. It is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. a) sounds produced by human beings, to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle; b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo; c) sounds produced by nature and objects, to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to tinkle.
Shortening is a comparatively new way of word-building has achieved a high degree of productivity, especially in American English.
Shortenings are produced in two different ways. The first is to make a new word of syllable of the original word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone made from telephone, fence from defence), its ending (as in hols from holidays, vac from vacation, ad from advertisement) or both the beginning and ending (as flu from influenza, fridge from refrigerator).
The second way of shortening is to make a new word from the initial letters of a word group: U.N.O., B.B.C., M.P. this type is called initial shortenings.