Lesson 1

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Preparation for Printing

Before any material can be printed, the text must be set in type and checked for accuracy, and illustrations must be prepared for reproduction. When a manuscript is delivered to a printer, the first step is to choose a type for the text and typeset the material. Until recently hot-metal typesetting was used, so called because the type was cast from a molten lead alloy. Today most typesetting is done by a procedure called photocomposition, also known as cold-type composition.

In the early days of photocomposition, an operator typed the text into the composing machine, following instructions on type size and style, the length of each text line, and the space between lines. With the advent of computers, the process has become more automated. In many systems, operators can typeset text directly from an author's floppy disk or through telecommunication lines that transmit the text from the author's computer to the composing machine.

When typesetting is complete, a preliminary copy of the text, in the form of galley proofs or page proofs, is sent to a proof-reader. The proof-reader checks these proofs against the original material and marks misspelled words, typographical mistakes, lines dropped or repeated, and other errors. The corrected proofs are returned to the typesetter, who makes the necessary changes.

Because typesetting can produce only letters, numbers and symbols, and punctuation marks, illustrations are prepared separately from the text. A simple line drawing, without grey tones, can be printed as a line reproduction without any special handling. More complicated black-and-white illustrations, particularly photographs, must undergo a halftone process. Each illustration is photographed through a screen that breaks down the tones and shading into tiny dots of varying sizes. Larger and more closely packed dots create the impression of darker shades, while smaller, more widely spaced dots convey lighter shading. By a special process, colour illustrations and photographs are analysed into four basic colours--red, blue, yellow, and black. Each colour is then applied separately in the printing process to re-create the four-colour image.

The text, line drawings, and other illustrations are arranged as they will appear on the final printed pages. All but the halftones are pasted down on a board or stiff paper; space is left where the halftones will be placed later. The completed page is called a mechanical, or camera-ready copy. In the 1980s computerized, or electronic, publishing (also known in some instances as desktop publishing) had begun to replace these methods.

The mechanicals are photographed, and the negatives are processed. Halftones are prepared on separate negatives and then stripped in, or aligned, in the blank spaces left for them during paste-up. The resulting composite negative is then used to make what is known as a printing plate. Usually this is a metal plate that has been coated with a photosensitive material and subsequently exposed to the composite negative. The texts and illustrations are finally burned, or chemically etched, into the plate, which is then ready for printing.

Vocabulary notes:

1. to typeset – набирати

2. cold-type composition – «холодний набір»

3. advent – поява

4. floppy disk – гнучкий диск, дискета

5. galley proof – відбиток гранки, коректура в гранках

6. proof reader – коректор

7. a mechanical – монтаж (полос) оригінал – макет

8. a camera-ready copy – оригінал-макет

9. shade – відтінок, тон

10. to strip in – вклеювати (ілюстрації, текст) при монтажі

11. to align – лінірувати рядок (линировать строку – выравнивать)

12. paste up – фотомонтаж

13. combined (composite) negative – комбінований негатив

14. to etch – протравляти, гравірувати

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What must be done before any material can be printed?

2. Why was the typesetting called hot-metal typesetting?

3. When did the process of typesetting become more automated?

4. Can operators typeset text directly from an author’s floppy disk?

5. Where is a preliminary copy of the text sent to?

6. What is the function of a proof-reader?

7. Are the corrected proofs returned to the proof-reader?

8. Who makes the necessary changes?

9. Why are illustrations prepared separately from the text?

10. What kind of dots create the impression of darker shades?

11. What is called a mechanical, or camera-ready copy?

12. What has a metal plate been coated with?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

фотонабір; рукопис; шрифт; набирати матеріал; набірна машина; поява комп’ютерів; коректор; ряди, що пропущені; помилка; окремо; оригінал-макет; полутонові зображення; обробляти негативи; бути покритим будь-чим.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

accuracy; to be delivered to; the space between lines; floppy disk; to transmit the text; a preliminary copy; galley proof; misspelled words; to undergo; a printing plate; the composite negative; to be burned.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to choose to check

to do to apply

to call to leave

to become to to use

to make to to know

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Today most typesetting is done by a procedure called photocomposition.

2. The corrected proofs are returned to the proof-reader.

3. A preliminary copy of the text is sent to an editor.

4. Smaller, more widely spaced dots convey lighter shading.

5. The typesetter makes the necessary changes.

6. A printing plate is a metal plate that has been coated with photochromic material.

7. Colour illustrations and photographs are analysed into five basic colours – red, blue, green, yellow and black.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences.

1. Hot-metal typesetting was so called because 2. Illustrations are prepared 3. With the advent of computers 4. The proof-reader marks 5. The completed page is called 6. Space is left where

a. misspelled words, typographical mistakes and other errors. b. the halftones will be placed later. c. the type was cast from a molten lead alloy. d. a mechanical, or camera-ready copy. e. separately from the text. f. the process has become more automated.

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. Larger and more closely packed dots create the impression of darker shades.

2. An operator typed the text into the composing machine.

3. The first step is to choose a type for the text and typeset the material.

4. Before any material can be printed, the text must be checked for accuracy.

5. The composite negative is used to make what is known as a printing plate.

6. More complicated black-and-white illustrations must undergo a halftone process.

7. The mechanicals are photographed, and the negatives are processed.

8. Each colour is then applied separately in the printing process to re-create the four-colour image.

Exercise 9. Find pairs of words.

1. black-and-white a. composition

2. four-colour b. material

3. floppy c. words

4. cold-type d. machine

5. photosensitive e. illustrations

6. misspelled f. image

7. composing g. disk

Exercise 10. Fit the meaning and the words.

a type; a computer; a mark; a manuscript; a shade; illustration

1. something that illustrates; a picture or drawing;

2. an electronic device designed for performing operations on data at high speed:

3. a written or typed piece of writing before set in type;

4. a symbol used in writing or printing;

5. a block with a raised surface used in printing a letter or a character on paper;

6. the degree of darkness of a colour.

Lesson 2

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Letterpress.

Letterpress, or relief, printing is one of the oldest processes. The type is raised from the background plate so that when the type is inked and pressed against paper, only the raised portions transmit the image to the paper's surface. Originally type was cast piece by piece in small, hand-held casters. By the 19th century, type could be cast and set into text in a single operation, either by Monotype machines, which set single characters, or Linotype machines, which set entire lines in a single slug. The soft metal casts tended to wear down quickly in the printing process, however, and had to be replaced with fresh type.

To solve this problem, a means of making more durable plates was invented. Two of the most common methods are electrotyping and stereotyping. Electrotyping uses an electroplating process to create printing plates. Type is set and a cast made, usually out of wax, which is then coated in graphite and placed in an electroplating bath. A copper shell, or casting, is built up in the shape of the original type. When backed with metal, it makes a durable letterpress plate for high-volume printing. Stereotyping begins by making a mould of set type using a heat-resistant papier-mâché. Molten metal is then poured into the mould to create the cast plate. In more recent years, lighter and less expensive plates of rubber and plastic have been developed.

Letterpress printing uses three designs of printing press: sheet fed platen, sheet fed flatbed, and rotary presses, which can be sheet fed or web fed. In sheet fed presses, individual sheets of paper are fed into the press. In web fed presses, a continuous roll of paper is fed through the press.

Platen presses are the oldest type and are used for small printing jobs. They consist of a flat bed on which the images (type or plates) are laid and another flat surface, the platen, which is connected to a screw or lever. Paper is laid on the bed and pressed by the platen to transfer the image to the surface. Printing on early presses was a slow process, since the paper had to be fed one sheet at a time into the press. Improvements made in the 1830s and 1840s featured automatic inking and mechanical power, which increased printing speed from a few dozen sheets an hour to more than a thousand.

Sheet fed flatbed presses feature a cylinder, on which the paper is attached, that rolls over the bed of inked type. This design overcame the problem of uneven impression on the paper surface that often occurred in platen presses.

In rotary web fed presses a continuous roll of paper is fed between two cylinders, the plate cylinder and the impression cylinder. The plate cylinder, either electrotype or stereotype, is automatically inked and pressed against the paper as it unrolls. After the paper is printed, it can be cut into individual sheets and folded. Flatbed and rotary presses can be designed to print on both sides of the paper simultaneously and to reproduce colour illustrations. These machines were responsible for the enormous growth of newspapers during the 19th century.

Vocabulary notes.

1. letterpress – високий друк

2. to cast – виливати, лити

3. a slug – рядок, відлитий на лінотипі

4. caster – ливарна машина

5. electroplating bath– ванна для нанесення гальванічного покриття

6. a mould – форма, шаблон, матриця

7. to ink – вкривати фарбою друкарську форму

8. platen press – прес валіком

9. web fed printing press – рулонна друкарська машина

10. sheet fed printing press – листова друкарська машина

11. flat – плаский

12. impression – тиснення, відбиток

13. plate cylinder – формний циліндр

14. impression cylinder – друкарський циліндр

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is “letterpress” or “relief printing”?

2. Why did casts wear down so quickly?

3. What two methods are used to make more durable plates?

4. What kind of plates have been developed in more recent years?

5. Does letterpress printing use two designs of printing press?

6. What are platen presses used for?

7. What do they consist of ?

8. Was the printing on early presses a slow process? Why?

9. When were the improvements made to increase printing speed?

10. What helped to overcome the problem of uneven impression on the paper surface?

11. What happens after the paper is printed?

12. What presses were responsible for the growth of newspapers in the 19^th century?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

відливок; винаходити; вкривати фарбою друкарську форму; гумові та пластикові печатні форми; прес валіком; ванна для нанесення гальванічного покриття; довговічний; рулонна подача паперу; величезний; поверхня; листова друкарська машина; зображення.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

To wear down; a mould; to coat; automatic inking; to transfer the image a screw; improvements; to overcome the problem; platen press; uneven impression; simultaneously; to be responsible for; a continuous roll of paper.

Exercise 5. Write T(True) or F(False) next to each sentence.

1. Monotype machines set entire lines in a single slug.

2. Electrotyping uses an electrotyping process to create printing plates.

3. Copper is poured into the mould to create the cast plate.

4. In web fed presses, individual sheets of paper are fed into the press.

5. Paper is laid on the bed and pressed by the platen to transfer the image to the surface.

6. Platen presses are used for small printing jobs.

7. Printing on rotary presses is a slow process.

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with suitable preposition.

For, of (2), upon, by(3), on, over, up, through

1. A copper shell, or casting, is built _____ in the shape of the original type.

2. Rotary drum printing was invented_____ Richard March Hoe, and then improved _____William Bullock.

3. Paper is laid _____ the bed and pressed _____the platen to transfer the image to the surface.

4. When a final text is agreed _____, the next phase is design.

5. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique ____ offset lithography.

6. Across the world, _____ 45 trillion pages are printed annually.

7. Flexible rubber instead _____ glass or metal plates is used on web presses _____ relief printing.

8. In web fed presses, a continuous roll of paper is fed_____ the press.

Exercise 7. Find pairs of opposites.

1. expensive a. late

2. slow b. to destroy

3. light c. detailed

4. minority d. uneven

5. to create e. majority

6. early f. heavy

7. even g. quickly

8. general h. cheap

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences:

1. The soft metal casts tended … .

2. A means of making more durable plates… .

3. Molten metal is then poured into … .

4. In web fed presses, a continuous roll of paper … .

5. Paper is laid on the bed and … .

6. Lighter and less expensive plates of rubber … .

Exercise 9. Join the broken sentences.

Platen presses	electrotyping and stereotyping.
In sheet fed presses individual sheets of paper	to print on both sides of the paper simultaneously.
A copper shell is built up	are used for small printing job.
Two of the most common methods are	are fed into the press.
Flatbed and rotary presses can be designed	in the shape of the original type.

Exercise 10. Fit the meaning and the word.

To cast, job, fresh, newspaper, mould, illustration, to improve, sheet

1. a piece of paper on which to write;

2. a daily or weekly publication of news on large sheets of paper folded but not fixed together;

3. to make something better;

4. to form by pouring metal into a mould and letting it harden;

5. newly made;

6. a hollow form for giving a particular shape to a liquid;

7. work which a person does regularly to earn his living;

8. something that illustrates; a picture or drawing.

Lesson 3

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Intaglio.

In intaglio printing, the text or image to be reproduced is not raised above the plate's surface, as in the letterpress method, but is engraved or etched into the plate. Ink applied to the surface fills these depressions, then plate and paper are pressed together. The paper is actually forced into the ink-filled depressions to transfer an image to the paper.

Intaglio printing often uses highly polished copper plates on which a design has been engraved with sharp steel or diamond-tipped tools. These methods date back to about 1440 in Germany and Italy and were used by Albrecht Durer and other artists of the 1500s. In some instances, the copper plates can be coated with an acid-resistant substance and a design traced on the surface with a fine-pointed tool that exposes the copper. The plate is then placed in an acid bath so that the lines of exposed copper are chemically etched by the acid into the plate's surface. When the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off, the plate can be used to print etchings. Since copper wears quickly when subjected to great pressure, in some cases steel plates are used to make a large number of prints.

Traditional intaglio plate making had to be done by a skilled artist or draftsman and was a slow process. In the early 1880s, a photographic process was invented that came to be known as photogravure. The image to be printed is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into a series of small dots. The screened image is transferred to a special carbon-coated tissue that is mounted on a coated plate. When the paper is peeled off, the carbon dots remain on the plate, allowing the image to be burned into the plate in an acid bath. The deeper the dots are etched, the more ink they hold, and the darker the image.

Photogravure can be used on platen, flatbed, or rotary presses. When rotary web fed presses are used, the process is called rotogravure. The advantage of this process is that it allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than any other method of printing. Multiunit rotogravure presses can produce one- to four-colour images at high speed and today are used mainly for high-volume magazine production and by the packaging industry.

Vocabulary notes:

6. Intaglio – глибокий друк

7. tool – різець

8. a print – відтиск

9. to engrave – гравіювати

10. depression – заглибина

11. to force into – удавлювати, утискувати

12. to polish – полірувати, шліфувати

13. diamond-tipped tool – різець з алмазним наконечником

14. to trace on – копіювати, намічати, простежувати, креслити

15. acid-resistant – кислостійкий

16. etching – протравлення

17. a draftsman – кресляр

18. photogravure – глибокий друк, геліогравюра

19. carbon tissue – пігментний папір, копіювальний папір

20. to peel – відшаровувати, обдирати, сходити, очищати

21. rotogravure – ротаційний глибокий друк

22. to expose – піддавати дії, показувати, викривати, копіювати.

23. design – проект, малюнок, візерунок, креслення, ескіз, розробка

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between intaglio printing and letterpress printing?

2. What is the paper forced into to transfer an image to the paper?

3. What can the copper plates be coated with?

4. What tools are used to engrave a design?

5. When can the plate be used to print etchings?

6. Why are steel plates used to make a large number of prints?

7. Who did traditional intaglio plates?

8. When was a photographic process invented?

9. Where is a special carbon-coated tissue mounted on?

10. What is the advantage of rotogravure?

11. What presses are used mainly for high-volume magazine production?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Підніматися над; шліфувати; відтиск; великомасштабне виробництво; зазнавати великого тиску; покриватись чимось; кислостійка речовина; досвідчений художник; в деяких випадках; протравлення; пакувальне виробництво; заглибина; утримувати; щільність; ротаційний глибокий друк.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Ink-filled depression; highly polished copper plate; an acid bath; to clean off; to be mounted on; to invent; great pressure; to break the image; advantage; a design; density of pigment; four-colour image; a flatbed press; a multiunit rotogravure press; a sharp steel tool.

Exercise 5. Give four forms of the verbs:

to burn

to allow

to fill

to hold

to coat

to break

to mount

to know

to do

to force

to raise

to etch

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences:

1. The paper is actually forced into the ink-filled depression … .

2. Sharp steel or diamond-tipped tools are used to … on polished copper plates.

3. Albrecht Durer and other artisti of the 1500s used … .

4. The image is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into … .

5. The carbon dots remain on the plate when … .

6. … the more ink they hold, the darker is the image.

7. In the process of rotogravure … are used.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences:

When rotary web fed presses are used, Printing on early presses was a slow process, In intaglio printing, the text or image The plate can be used to print etchings Illustrations can be read by an optical scanner and Rotogravure allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than The name offset refers to the fact that

any other method of printing. when the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off. since the paper had to be fed one sheet at a time into the press. the process is called rotogravure. the printing plates do not come into direct contact with the paper. is engraved or etched into the plate. entered into the computer in the form of electronic signals.

Exercise 8. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. In the letterpress method the text or image is not raised above the plate’s surface.

2. Steel plates are used to make a large number of prints because copper wears quickly when subjected to great pressure.

3. When the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off, the plate can be used to print etchings.

4. The deeper the dots are etched, the less ink they hold, and the darker is the image.

5. The image to be printed is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into a series of small dots.

6. The advantage of photogravure is that it allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than any other method of printing.

7. Multiunit rotogravure presses are used mainly for high-volume magazine production.

Exercise 9. Fit the meaning and the word.

Substance, advantage, to date, tissue, to engrave, pigment, acid.

1. a dry substance that when mixed in liquid becomes a paint or dye;

2. a circumstance favorable to success;

3. the physical matter that makes up some thing, object, etc.;

4. a chemical substance that when strong enough can burn holes in what it touches;

5. to cut (letters, designs, etc.) into a hard surface, as of metal or wood;

6. to belong to a particular period;

7. soft paper used for various purposes.

Exercise 10. Find pairs of words.

unpublished optical fine-pointed rubber carbon-coated technological oil-based letterpress

tissue innovations scanner ink works tool printing blanket

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with suitable preposition.

On, with, of (2), into, off, above, through, down.

1. A continuous roll of paper is fed ____ the press.

2. In intaglio printing, the text or image to be reproduced is not raised ____ the plate’s surface.

3. The soft metal casts tended to wear ____ quickly in the printing process and had to be replaced ____ fresh type.

4. Photogravure allows a greater density ____ pigment per unit area than any other method ____ printing.

5. A design traced ____ the surface with a fine-pointed tool that exposes the copper.

6. Molten metal is then poured ____ the mould to create the cast plate.

7. One need only brush ____ surrounding powder after the printing process.

Lesson 4

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

OFFSET

In the past few decades, offset printing (also called offset lithography) has replaced letterpress and intaglio methods almost entirely for commercial work. The name offset refers to the fact that the printing plates do not come into direct contact with the paper. Instead, the inked printing plates (which are attached to a cylinder) transfer, or offset, the image to a rubber blanket covering another cylinder. As the inked blanket cylinder rotates, it deposits the image onto the paper, which is fed from another set of rollers.

The offset technique was made possible at the beginning of the 20th century after the development of certain photographic processes and the rotary web fed press. Offset printing plates are usually made of steel, aluminium, or a chrome-copper alloy.

Unlike letterpress or intaglio printing, offset does not depend on raised or etched surfaces to transfer images. Instead it relies on the fact that grease and water do not mix. As the plate cylinder rotates, the plate passes first under water-soaked damping rollers and then under inking rollers that carry a grease-based ink. The offset plate is chemically treated so that the area to which the ink is transferred retains the greasy ink and repels water. The rest of the plate retains water and repels ink. As the cylinder continues to rotate, the plate presses against the rubber blanket, which accepts ink from the plate and transfers it to the paper. Since there is no type to wear out, an offset plate can make a large number of impressions.

Offset presses can be designed to print both sides of the paper at once and to reproduce images with one or more colours. Because web fed presses are usually used for this method, material can be printed at high speed. Offset plate making and storage costs are much lower than the costs of letterpress methods.

Vocabulary notes:

1. offset – плаский офсетний друк

2. rubber blanket – офсетне (гумове) полотно, офсетна гумовотканинна пластина

3. instead –замість того, натомість

4. etched surface – протравлена поверхня

5. grease – пластичний мастильний матеріал, мастило

6. to grease – зажирювати (друкарську форму)

7. roller – валик, матричний каландр

8. inking roller – фарбовий валик

9. damping roller – зволожуючий валик

10. ink – друкарська фарба

11. grease-based ink – чорнило, яке містить в собі мастило

12. to treat - обробляти

13. to repel - відштовхувати

14. to retain – утримувати, удержувати

15. storage – зберігання

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Why has offset printing replaced letterpress and intaglio methods?

2. Do the printing plates come into direct contact with the paper?

3. When was the offset technique made possible?

4. What metals are offset printing plates usually made of?

5. Does intaglio printing depend on raised or etched surfaces to transfer images?

6. What fact does offset printing rely on?

7. How is the offset plate treated?

8. Why can an offset plate make a large number of impressions?

9. What kind of presses are usually used for offset printing?

10. What are the advantages of offset printing?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Заміняти, удержувати, фарбовий валик, відтворювати зображення, певний, сплав, гумове полотно, офсетний циліндр (барабан), фотографічні процеси, змішувати, фарбовий валик, зволожуючий валик, на відміну від…,покладатися на….

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian:

Intaglio method, inked blanket cylinder, offset plate, raised surfaces, greasy ink, rotary web fed press, chrome-copper alloy, to transfer, to be designed, at once, storage, to cost, to carry, to wear out, grease-based ink.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to begin to have

to use to retain

to make to come

to rely to rotate

to set to feed

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F(False) next to each sentence.

1. The inked blanket cylinder deposits the image onto the paper.

2. Offset depends on raised or etched surfaces to transfer images.

3. Letterpress and intaglio printing has replaced offset printing in the past few decades.

4. Offset presses can be designed to print only one side of the paper.

5. An offset plate can make a large number of impressions because there is no type to wear out.

6. Offset plate making and storage costs are much lower than the costs of letterpress methods.

7. Because web fed presses are used, material can be printed at high speed.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences:

1. Grease and water

2. Letterpress printing depends on

3. The rest of the plate

4. Chrome-copper alloy

5. The four-colour press has

6. Offset presses can be designed

7. Material can be printed at high speed because

1. retains water and repels ink.

2. to reproduce images with one or more colours.

3. web fed presses are usually used.

4. raised and etched surfaces to transfer images.

5. do not mix.

6. is used to make offset printing plates.

7. a colour plate cylinder for each negative.

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. The offset plate is chemically treated so that the area to which the ink is transferred retains the greasy ink and repels water.

2. After the rotary web fed press was developed the offset technique was made possible.

3. Offset presses can be designed to print both sides of the paper at once.

4. The rest of the plate retains water and repels ink.

5. Offset lithography has replaced letterpress and intaglio methods almost entirely for commercial work.

6. Offset printing relies on the fact that grease and water do not mix.

7. The inked printing plates are attached to a cylinder.

8. The rubber blanket accepts ink from the plate and transfers it to the paper.

Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences:

1. The name offset refers to the fact that the printing plates…

2. After certain photographic processes were developed…

3. …deposits the image onto the paper.

4. The inked printing plates transfer the image to…

5. Letterpress and intaglio printing depends on…

6. As the plate cylinder rotates, the plate passes under inking rollers that…

7. The rubber blanket accepts ink from the plate and…

8. …to reproduce images with one or more colours.

Exercise 10. Find pairs of synonyms.

make vacant begin work nearly at once transfer decade image speed

immediately picture do move ten years job empty velocity almost start

Exercise 11. Fit the meaning and the word.

Photography, a decade, to develop, ink, a press, to attach, an alloy

1. any of various devices or machines for squeezing,

stamping or crushing;

2. to fasten or affix; to join, to connect;

3. the process of producing images of object on special

paper by the chemical action of light;

4. a period of ten years;

5. a substance made up of two or more metals;

6. a coloured liquid used for writing or drawing;

7. to come or to bring to a more advanced state.

Lesson 5

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

History

Although printing has been used in Western countries for more than 500 years, the creation of reproductions by mechanical means has a much longer history. Relief printing using stamps to impress designs into soft clay or wax has been known for thousands of years in the Middle East and in other parts of Asia. Designs or inscriptions were also carved into stone or cast into metal to make seals.

China was the fist country to print with paper, ink, and carved wooden blocks, a process called xylography. The invention of paper in China in the 8^th century AD provided a smooth, flexible surface on which to reproduce an image. In this process, a single carved wooden block of text was used to print impressions on whole pages. By the 11^th century, the Chinese had cut the blocks into individual characters, creating the word’s first movable type.

Xylography was also the fist printing method used in Europe in the early 1400s. By 1450, Gutenberg’s combination of movable metal type and the printing press had produced Europe’s first typeset book – the Gutenberg Bible. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly to other European nations. Over time, the literacy rate gradually rose among the population of Europe. Literature and scientific and religious texts, once read only by scholars, nobility, and the educated priesthood, were now available to an ever-widening audience.

As the demand for printed books steadily increased, printers had to improve their methods and equipment. They developed sturdy metal presses to replace the common wooden press, created stereotype and electrotype plates to make greater numbers of copies, and designed mechanically driven and automatically inked presses to increase printing speed and quality.

Not all advances in printing technology came from printers or designers and manufacturers. In 1796 German author Aloysius Senefelder, in his search for an inexpensive means of publishing his own plays, developed the techniques of lithography. Joseph-Nicephore Niepce, a French landowner and inventor, discovered in the 1820s that certain chemical compounds were sensitive to light. His work marked the origins of photogravure and eventually led to the invention of photography and the use of photographic processes to reproduce images.

Beginning with the invention of the offset technique in the United States, a series of 20th-century innovations made mass production, high speed, and economy in printing possible. Automated composition, first developed after the 1920s, gave way to programmed composition in the 1950s. Many of today's computerized typesetting machines can set 1,000 characters (individual letters or symbols) per second. Phototypesetting equipment of the future could conceivably reach speeds of nearly 3,000 characters per second, or about 10,000,000 characters per hour.

Inventors also created pressureless printing, which eliminated the need for a printing press. In 1948, two Americans conceived of a type of electrostatic printing in which the colouring agent is not ink but a powder that is sensitive to the pull of an electric charge induced on a plate. This technique gave birth to xerography and the now-familiar copying machines. The various processes developed to duplicate and reproduce documents have been grouped under the name reprography.

Vocabulary notes:

1. relief printing – високий друк

2. to carve – вирізати

3. xylography – ксилографія

4. priesthood – духовенство

5. photogravure –фотогравюра

6. offset – офсетний

7. typesetting equipment – набірне обладнання

8. movable type –розбірний шрифт

9. pressureless printing – безконтактний друк

10. to conceive – зачинати, задумувати

11. composition –набір

12. reprography –репрографія

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Where and when was relief printing created?

2. What process of printing was developed in China?

3. When was paper invented?

4. How was the first process of printing developing in the 8^th century?

5. What changes had taken place in printing by the 11^th century in China?

6. What method of printing was used in Europe in 1400s?

7. What book was the first typeset book in Europe?

8. What was the result of production Europe’s first typist book – the Gutenberg Bible? How did printers improve their methods and equipment?

9. What advances in printing technology were made in 1796 by Aloysius Seinfelder?

10. What discovery was made by Joseph – Nicephore Niepce in 1820s?

11. What innovations were made in 1950s with the invention of the offset technique?

12. What technique gave birth to xerography?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Відтискати; дерев’яна друкувальна форма друку; створювати; розбірний шрифт; швидко розповсюджуватись; перша набірна книга; бути доступним; швидкість друкування; замінювати; недорогі засоби друку; підвищити швидкість та якість друку; фотонабірне обладнання; безконтактний друк.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Printed books; to print with paper; single carved wooden blocks; literary rate; invention of paper; available to; printing speed; to reproduce images; offset technique; mass production; inventor; reproduce documents.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to print to reproduce

to read to reach

to lead to rise

to give to drive

to develop to cut

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Relief printing was used in Asia.

2. In the 8^th century paper was invented.

3. By 1450 the literacy rate was pour in Europe.

4. Xylography was the only printing method in 1400s.

5. Gutenberg developed the technique of lithography.

6. The offset technique was invented in France.

7. Electrostatic printing was invented in America.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences.

Designs or inscriptions were carved Relief printing has been known China was the first country Printers invented sturdy metal presses Many of today’s computerized typesetting machines can set The various processes which duplicate documents

in the Middle East. to replace the common wooden press. 1000 individual letters or symbols. to print with paper, ink and carved wooden blocks. into stone or cast into metal. are called reprography.

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. Inventors also created pressureless printing.

2. Relief printing has been known for thousand years in the Middle East.

3. Automated composition gave way to programmed composition in 1950s.

4. Xylography was the first printing method used in Europe in 1400s.

5. Not all advances in printing technology came from printers or designers and manufacturers.

6. Phototypesetting equipment of the future could conceivably reach speed of nearly 3000 characters per second.

7. As the demand for printed books steadily increased, prints had to improve their methods and equipment.

8. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly to other European nations.

Exercise 9. Find pairs of words.

relief mechanical individual smooth, flexible phototypesetting pressureless wooden

means characters printing blocks equipment printing surface

Exercise 10. Fit the meaning and the words.

Stamp; inscription; invent; movable; spread; advance

7. words cut on a stone;

8. create or design something not existing before;

9. that can be taken from place to place;

10. become more widely extended or distributed;

11. piece of printed paper stuck on envelopes;

12. forward movement; progress.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of synonyms.

reproduce soft image demand carve constant

cut requirement multiply character steady mild

Exercise 12. Find pairs of opposites.

rise type sensitive beginning reduce create

rough end face raise destroy write

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. China was the first country … print … paper and ink.

2. Paper was invented … China … the 8^th century AD.

3. In xylography a single carved wooden block … text was used … print impressions … whole pages.

4. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly … other European nations.

5. Not all advances … printing technology came … printers or designers and manufacturers.

6. Pressureless printing eliminated the need … a printing press.

7. Phototypesetting equipment … the future could reach speeds … nearly 3000 character … second.

8. Electrostatic printing gave birth … xerography and copying machines.

Exercise 14. Complete the following sentences:

1. Designs or inscriptions were carved into stone or …

2. The innovation of paper in China in the 8^th century AD…

3. Xylography was the first …

4. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly …

5. The literacy rate gradually rose …

6. Sturdy metal presses replaced …

7. A French inventor discovered that certain chemical compounds were …

8. Pressureless printing eliminated

Lesson 6

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

PART I

Industry organization

The printing industry includes establishments primarily engaged in printing text and images on to paper, metal, glass, and some apparel and other materials. Printing can be divided into three distinct stages: prepress, the preparation of materials for printing; press or output, the actual printing process; and postpress or finishing, the folding, binding, and trimming of printed sheets into their final form. Companies that provide all three services first prepare the material for printing in the prepress department, then produce the pages on the pressroom floor, and finally trim, bind, or otherwise ready the material for distribution in the postpress department.

The printing industry is broken into 12 segments that generally reflect the major type of printing method that is used at the establishment or product that is produced. Establishments that use printing plates, or some other form of image carrier, to distribute ink to paper, are broken into five industry segments: lithography, flexography, gravure, screen printing and letterpress. Lithography, which uses the basic principle that water repels oil, is the most widely used printing process in the industry. Lithography lends itself to computer composition and the economical use of color, which accounts for its dominance. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up the largest segment of the industry, accounting for about 39 percent of employment and about 30 percent of total establishments. Although most newspapers use the lithographic process, their printing activities are not included in this industry, but rather in the publishing industry. Flexography uses printing plates made of rubber or plastic. It is a high-speed process that uses fast-drying inks and can be used on a variety of materials, qualities valued for labels, shopping bags, milk cartons, and corrugated boxes. Gravure's high-quality reproduction, flexible pagination and formats, and consistent print quality have won it a significant share of packaging and product printing and a growing share of periodical printing. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items, such as hats and napkins. Where letterpress is still used, it prints images from the raised surfaces on which ink sits. The raised surfaces are generated by means of casting, acid etching, or photoemulsion.

Vocabulary notes:

1. prepress – приготування до друку

2. postpress – оздоблювальні роботи

3. folding – переплетіння

4. trimming – обрізування

5. printing plate –форма для друку

6. repel –відштовхувати

7. account for – пояснювати, свідчити

8. pagination – нумерація сторінок

9. screen printing – трафаретний друк

10. letter press – високий друк

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What does the printing industry include?

2. What stages is printing divided into?

3. How many segments is the printing industry broken into?

4. What segments are establishments broken into?

5. What is the most widely used process in the industry?

6. What makes up the largest segment of the printing industry?

7. What industry is printing of newspapers included into?

8. What printing plates does flexography use?

9. What process is flexography?

10. Where does screen printing print designs on?

11. What are the raised surfaces generated by?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Підготовка матеріалів до друку; процес друку; оздоблювальні роботи; фальцовка; переплетіння; обрізування; підготувати матеріал до друку; поліграфічна промисловість; друкарська форма; гнучка нумерація сторінок; екранований друку; високоякісне відтворення гравюри.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

To print images; to prepare the material for printing; prepress department; material ready for distribution; postpress; printing plates; computer composition; economical use of colour; to account for; to print designs on colours; raised surfaces; printing activities.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to include to grow

to produce to generate

to design to sell

to spend to serve

to learn to make

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Companies that provide printing first produce the pages on the pressroom floor.

2. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items.

3. Flexography uses printing plates made of iron.

4. Lithography is the most widely used printing process in the industry.

5. Printing activities of the newspapers are included in lithographic industry.

6. Printing can be divided into three stages.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences:

1. Lithography is the most widely used …

2. Printing can be divided into …

3. The printing industry is broken into …

4. Printed companies first prepare the material …

5. Lithography lends itself to …

6. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up …

Exercise 8. Join the broken sentences.

Printing can be devided Although newspapers use the lithographic process The raised surfaces are generated Screen printing Flexography uses Establishments that use printing plates are broken

by means of casting, acid etching or photoemulsion. printing plates made of rubber or plastic. into five industry segments. into three distinct stages. prints designs on clothes and other fabric items. their printing activities are not included in lithographic industry.

Exercise 9. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. The raised surfaces are generated by means of casting, acid etching, or photoemulsion.

2. Flexography used printing plates made of rubber or plastic.

3. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items.

4. It is a high-speed process that use fast-drying inks.

5. Where letterpress is still used, it printings images from the raised surfaces on which ink sits.

6. The printing industry includes establishments primarily engaged in printing text and images on to paper, metal, glass and other materials.

7. Printing can be devided into three distinct stages: prepress, press and postpress.

8. The printing industry is broken into 12 segments.

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. Printing can be divided … three distinct stages.

2. Companies first prepare the materials … printing … the prepress department.

3. Lithography lends itself … computer composition.

4. Screen printing prints designs … clothes and other fabric items.

5. Flexography uses printing plates made … rubber or plastic.

6. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make … the largest segment of the industry.

7. The raised surfaces are generated … means … casting, acid etching or photoemultion.

8. Lithography is the most widely used printing process … the industry.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of words.

printing produced basic printed widely lithographic screen

sheet principle used process printing industry product

Exercise 12. Find pairs of synonyms.

include primarily distinct total company basic

firm separate originally consist of whole main

Exercise 13. Find pairs of opposites.

plateless advanced shot quick low volume wide

old high volume slow long plate narrow

Exercise 14. Fit the meaning and the words.

Engage; pressure; reflect; provide; dominant; flexible

1. throw back (light, heat, sound)

2. give, supply (what is needed or useful)

3. easily bent without breaking

4. take part in

5. having control or authority

6. force on or against something

Exercise 15. Complete the following sentences:

1. printing can be devided into …

2. Lithography is … .It lends itself to …

3. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up …

4. Flexography uses …

5. Screen printing prints on clothes and …

6. The raised surfaces are generated by means …

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Part II

Industry organization

Plateless or nonimpact processes, which are the most technologically advanced methods of printing, are included in the digital printing segment of the industry. These include electronic. electrostatic, or inkjet printing, and are used mainly for copying, duplicating, and speciality printing. Although currently much of the work done using digital printing is low volume and often done by small shops, plateless printing is being used more and more throughout the industry. Digital printing, also known as "variable data printing", offers quick turnaround capabilities and the ability to personalize printed materials. Establishments offering primarily digital printing services constitute one of the smallest segments of the industry — 3 percent of total employment.

Quick printing is the industry’s third largest segment in terms of the number of jobs and is the industry's second largest segment in terms of number of establishments. Used mostly by small businesses and households, quick printing establishments use a variety of printing and copying methods for projects that have short runs and require quick turnaround. Many of these establishments have expanded into other office-related services, such as shipping and selling office supplies to satisfy the small business user. Other segments of the printing industry include establishments that provide specialty services to the printing industry, such as prepress services and trade binding and related work.

Vocabulary notes:

1. plateless or nonimpact process – процес, у якому не використовуються форми, безконтактний процес

2. digital printing – цифровий друк

3. inkjet printing – струйний друк

4. capabitily – можливість

5. constitute – складати, засновувати

6. turnaround capabilities –різноманітні можливості

7. binding – переплетіння

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What processes are the most technologically advanced methods of printing?

2. What printing do plateless processes consist of?

3. What are plateless processes used for?

4. What are the capabilities of plateless process?

5. What capabilities does digital printing offer?

6. Whom is quick printing used by?

7. Why do many of quick printing establishments use a variety of printing and copying methods?

8. What have small printing establishments expended into and why?

9. What establishments do other segments of the printing industry include?

10. What industry is printing?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Безконтактний процес; технологічно-прогресивні методи; цифровий друк; дублювання; матеріал для друку; швидкий друк; різноманітні методи друку та копіювання; розростись до інших офісно-споріднених служб; забезпечувати спеціальними послугами поліграфічну промисловість; підготовка до друку.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Quick printing; digital printing; primarily digital printing services; to personalize printed materials; technologically advanced methods; inkjet printing; to provide special services to the printing industry; trade binding; to have short runs and require quick turnaround.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to print to copy

to use to understand

to see to provide

to sleep to bind

to offer to be

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Establishments offering primarily digital printing services constitute one of the biggest segments of the industry.

2. Plateless processes are the most technologically advanced methods of printing.

3. Quick printing is mostly used by large businesses and households.

4. Many of quick printing establishments have expended into other related services.

5. Digital printing does not offer quick turnaround capabilities.

6. Quick printing establishments have expended into other-related services to satisfy the small business user.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences:

1. Digital printing is also known as …

2. Digital printing offers …

3. Plateless processes are the most technologically advanced …

4. Plateless or nonimpact processes include …

5. Quick printing is mostly used by …

6. Other segments of the printing industry include …

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. Other segments of the printing industry include establishments that provide speciality services to the printing industry.

2. Plateless or nonimpact process are the most technologically advanced methods of printing.

3. Quick printing is the industry’s third largest segment in terms of the number of jobs and is the industry’s second largest segment in terms of number of establishments.

4. Plateless printing incudes electronic, electrostatic or inkjet printing.

5. Many of quick printing establishments have expended into other office-related services.

6. Plateless printing is used for copying, duplicating and speciality printing.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

by, to, of, into, throughout, for

1. Nonimpact processes are the most advanced methods … printing.

2. Quick printing is used mostly … small businesses and households.

3. Digital printing offers the ability … personalise printed material.

4. Quick printing is the industry’s third largest segment … terms … the number … jobs.

5. Most … printing establishments have expended … other related services.

6. Plateless printing is being used more and more … the industry.

7. Plateless processes are used mainly … copying, duplication and speciality printing.

Exercise 10. Join the broken sentences.

Digital printing is known Plateless processes are Use a mostly by small businesses quick printing establishments Many of printing establishments have expended Printing is a large industry composed

Use a variety of printing and copying methods for projects that have shot runs. The most technologically advanced methods of printing. Into other office-related services. Of many shops that vary in size. As variable data printing.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of synonyms.

new methods plateless processes include variable mainly offer grow

consist of different generally technologically advanced nonimpact propose rise

Exercise 12. Fit the meaning and the words.

Advantage, ability, segment, employment, throughout, service

1. part cut off by a line

2. one’s regular work or occupation

3. something usefull, helpful

4. department or branch of public work

5. in every part; in all ways or respects

6. to do something physical or mental

Exercise 13. Find pairs of opposites.

primary straight meter increase segment slowly external

sentimeter internal quickly secondary entire decrease curve

Exercise 14. Find pairs of words.

advanced work printing plateless or nonimpact digital office-related

done processes printing method services services

Lesson 7

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Recent developments

The printing industry, like many other industries, continues to undergo technological changes, as computers and technology alter the manner in which work is performed. Many of the processes that were once done by hand are becoming more automated, and technology's influence can be seen in all three stages of printing. The most notable changes have occurred in the prepress stage. Instead of cutting and pasting articles by hand, workers now produce entire publications on a computer, complete with artwork and graphics. Columns can be displayed and arranged on the computer screen exactly as they will appear in print, and then be printed. Nearly all prepress work is becoming computerized, and prepress workers need considerable training in computer software and graphic communications. Technology has also affected the printing process itself. Press operators increasingly use computers to make adjustments to printing presses in order to complete a job. The same is also true of bindery and other finishing workers.

Although digital printing is currently a small portion of the industry, it is the fastest growing industry segment as printers embrace this technology. Most commercial printers now do some form of digital printing. Printing processes today use scanners and digital cameras to input images and computers to manipulate and format the graphic images prior to printing. Digital printing is transforming prepress operations as well as the printing process. It eliminates much of the lengthy process in manually transferring materials to the printing press by directly transferring digital files to an electronically driven output device.

The printing industry is also taking on new responsibilities that provide further value for clients. This means customers can now have their finished products labeled, packaged, and shipped directly by printing companies. Other ancillary services that printers are adding include database management, warehousing, and prefabricated design work for clients who want to fill out design templates on the Internet rather than creating original design work. Printers feel that these services are increasingly important to their current and potential customers.

Vocabulary notes:

1. alter – змінювати

2. pasting – склеювати

3. prepress worker – спеціалісти, які виконують підготовчі операції

4. affect – впливати

5. embrace – охоплювати

6. eliminate – усувати, виключати, ліквідувати

7. libeled products – товари з ярликом, етикеткою

8. ancillary services – підлеглі служби

9. warehousing – утримання на складі

10. prefabricated – виготовлений заводським способом

11. arwork – ілюстрація

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Why does the printing industry undergo technological changes?

2. Where have the most notable changes occured?

3. What are these changes?

4. How can columns be displayed on the computer screen?

5. How has technology affected the printing process itself?

6. What is the role of digital printing in printing industry?

7. What device do printing processes use today and for what aims?

8. What responsibilities is the printing industry taking to provide further value for clients?

9. What do other ancillary services that printers are adding include?

10. Why do printers add these ancillary services for clients?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Змінювати; стадії друку; стадія підготовки до друку; вплив технології; склеювання вручну; повне публікування; ілюстрації; впливати на процес друку; переплетіння; цифровий друк; швидко зростаючий сегмент економіки; ліквідувати більшість довготривалих процесів; запакований товар.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

To undergo technological changes; to alter; done by hand; prepress stage; pasting; by hand; technology’s influence; notable changes; considerable training in computer software; prepress workers; to eliminate much of the lengthy process; transferring digital files; electronically driven output device.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to continue to undergo to perform to occur to make to translate

to grow to eliminate to mean to pack to add to design

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. The printing industry is not taking on new responsibilities to provide further value for clients.

2. Printers consider that new services are important to their customers.

3. Printing processes today use scanners and digital cameras.

4. The printing industry continues to undergo technological changes.

5. The printing industry has not been computerized yet.

6. Press operators increasingly use computers.

7. Digital printing is the fastest growing industry segment.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences:

1. Technology has also affected …

2. Press operators increasingly use computers to make …

3. Printing processes today use …

4. Digital printing is transforming …

5. The printing industry is also taking on …

6. Printers use other services which include …

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order

1. Printers feel that these services are increasingly important to their current and potential customers.

2. The printing industry continues to undergo technological changes.

3. The printing industry is also taking on new responsibilities that provide further value for clients.

4. Many of the processes that were once done by hand are becoming more automated.

5. The most notable changes have occurred in the prepress stage.

6. Printing processes today use scanners and digital cameras to input images and computers to manipulate and format the graphic images prio to printing.

7. Other ancillary services that printers are adding include database management, warehousing and prefabricated design work for clients.

8. Digital printing is transforming prepress operations as well as the printing process.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. Computers and technology alter the manner … which work is done.

2. Press operators increasingly use computers … make adjustments … printing presses.

3. Printers are adding other ancillary services … clients who want … fill out desigh templates … the internet.

4. Most commercial printers now do some form … digital printing.

5. Printing processes today use scanners and digital cameras … input images and computers … manipulate and format the graphic images prior … printing.

6. The printing industry is also taking … new responsibilities that provide further value … clients.

7. Instead … cutting and pasting articles … hand, workers now produce entire publications … a computer.

8. The most notable change have occurred … the prepress stage.

Exercise 10. Join the broken sentences.

Printers feel that these services are important Press operators use computers Although digital printing is a small portion of industry Many of the processes that were once done by hand Technology has also affected

to make adjustment to printing presses in order to complete a job. are becoming more automated. the printing process itself. it is the fastest growing industry segment. to their current and potential customers.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of synonyms.

try connect occur considerable act portion manner exchange

appear important affect mode test join interchange part

Exercise 12. Find pairs of opposites.

continue often strong long begin close top recent

short distant stop weak bottom seldom old finish

Exercise 13. Fit the meaning and the words.

continue ancillary original transferring complete eliminate

something having all its parts something having a service to those carrying on the main business something changing position, moving first or earliest to go farther, to go on remove; to take or put away

Exercise 14. Find pairs of words.

printing technological digital prepress computer labled ancillary automated

printing services processes screen products industry operations changes

Lesson 8

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Occupations in the industry

Printing occupations range in skill from those found in quick printing to specialized production occupations rarely found in other industries. Production occupations make up 53 percent of industry employment with printing machine operators accounting for the most employment of any single occupation in the industry at 16 percent.

Production occupations. Prepress technicians prepare print jobs for the presses. They take text or images from clients and ensure that coloring and other issues are resolved before the job goes to press. For those processes that require it, technicians then create the printing plate. Increasingly, prepress technicians receive the material for the pages as electronic computer files, which they upload to their computers, and use digital imaging software to lay out the pages. In very small shops or shops with small format digital equipment, prepress technicians may also design materials for those clients who need it. "Preflight" technicians, a type of prepress worker, examine and edit the pages to ensure that the design, format, settings, quality, and all other aspects of the finished product will be completed according to the client's specifications. Larger printers may add customer service duties to the traditional list of prepress duties in order to streamline business workflow.

When material is ready, printing machine operators review the material with the prepress technician, and then install and adjust the printing plate on the press. They must also meter the flow of fountain solution, adjust pressure, ink the printing presses, load paper, and adjust the press to paper size. Operators must correct any problems that might occur during a press run, which means they must monitor the process throughout the run and make minor repairs when necessary. Job printers, who usually work in small print shops, perform the prepress work as well as operate the press.

During the binding or finishing stage, the printed sheets are transformed into products such as books, catalogs, magazines, or directories. Bindery workers fold and fasten groups of sheets together, often using a machine stapler, to make "signatures". They then feed the signatures into various machines for stitching or gluing—a process that now relies mainly on computers. Bookbinders assemble books from large, flat, printed sheets of paper. They cut, saw, and glue parts to bind new books. They also perform other finishing operations, such as decorating and lettering, often using hand tools. A small number of bookbinders work in hand binderies. These highly skilled workers design original or special bindings for publications with limited editions, or restore and rebind rare books.

Vocabulary notes:

1. range – коливатися (в певних межах), простиратися

2. prepress technician – фахівець, який виконує підготовчі роботи

3. resolve – вирішувати, узгоджувати

4. printing plate – друкувальна форма

5. to lay out the pages – зробити макет сторінок

6. edit – готувати до друку, редагувати

7. fountain solution – зволожуючий розчин

8. printing press – друкувальна машина, верстат

9. binding – оправа, обкладинка

10. bindery worker, bookbinder – палітурник

11. fold – фальцювати

12. signature – зфальцьований аркуш, зошит

13. stritching – брошуровка

14. gluing – склеювання

15. lettering – напис, тиснення

16. glue – склеювати

17. bindery – палітурна майстерня

18. meter – вимірювати

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is the range of printing occupations?

2. What is the task of prepress technicians?

3. When do technicians create the printing plate?

4. How do prepress technicians receive the material for the pages?

5. What may prepress technicians do in very small shops?

6. What do printing machine operators do when material is ready?

7. What is the task of operators during a press run?

8. What are printed sheets transformed into during the binding?

9. What is the task of bindery workers?

10. How do bookbinders assemble books?

11. What other finishing operations do bookbinders perform?

12. What work do bookbinders perform in hand binderies?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Друкарська професія; підготовка до друку; вирішувати, дозволяти; друкарська форма; зробити макет сторінок; спеціалісти, які виконують підготовчі роботи; редагувати сторінки; за специфікацією клієнта; встановити друкарську форму; влити зволожуючий розчин; пристосувати пресс за розміром сторінки; складати та закріпляти аркуші.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Production occupation; to create the printing plate; to resolve before the job goes to press; with small format digital equipment; digital imaging software; customer service duties; to review the material; to adjust the press to paper size; problems occurred during a press run; to make minor repairs; binding stage; printed sheets; bindary worker; to feed the signatures into various machines.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

To range to use

To find to complete

To account to add

To upload to meter

To lay out to run

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Bindary workers prepare print jobs for the presses.

2. Operators must correct any problems that might occur during a press run.

3. “Preflight” technicians examine and edit the pages.

4. Bindery workers feed the signatures into various machines.

5. Bindery workers also prepare print jobs for the presses.

6. A great number of bookbinders work in hand binderies.

7. Bookbinders working in hand binderies are highly skilled workers.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences.

Prepress technicians “Preflight” technicians In very small shops When material is ready Operators must correct any problems that Bindery workers

prepress technicians may also design materials for clients. printing machine operators review the material. prepare print jobs for the presses. examine and edit the pages. might occur during a press run. fold and fasten groups of sheets together.

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order

1. When material is ready, printing machine operators review the material with the press technician.

2. During the binding or finishing stage, the printed sheets are transformed into books, catalogs, magazines or dictionaries.

3. Production occupations make 53 percent of industry employment.

4. Bindery workers fold and fasten groups of sheets together.

5. Operators must correct any problems that might occur during a press run.

6. A small group of bookbinders work in hand binderies.

7. Prepress technicians receive the material for the pages as electronic computer files.

8. Bookbinders assemble books from large, flat, printed sheets of pages.

Exercise 9. Find pairs of words.

prepress to prepare print jobs printing machine specialized production binding (finishing) hand highly skilled

occupations operators stage bindery workers technician for the presses

Exercise 10. Find pairs of synonyms.

occupation to publish to edit finish quantity to try

to print end amount profession to test to redact

Exercise 11. Find pairs of opposites.

to find load often to break to write complicated before

rare to repair to print easy upload to lose after

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences:

1. Prepress technicians prepare print jobs …

2. Larger printers may add …

3. When material is ready …

4. Operators must correct any problem that …

5. During the finishing stage …

6. Bindary workers often use …

7. A small number of bookbinders work …

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. Production occupations make … 53 percent of industry employment … printing machine operators.

2. Prepress technicians ensure that coloring and other issues are resolved … the job goes … press.

3. The printed sheets are transformed … books, catalogs, magazines or directories.

4. Operators must correct problems that occur … a press run.

5. Bindery workers feed the signatures … various machines … stretching or gluing.

6. Bookbinders assemble books … large, flat, printed sheets … paper.

7. A small number … bookbinders work … hand binderies.

Exercise 14. Fit the meaning and the words.

occupation ensure edit streamline complete assemble

make more efficient finish, bring to an end guarantee gather together prepare (another pleson’s writing) for publication business; trade

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