22. Canada after wwii

When WWII began, Canada on it's own entered the war. Factories poured out mass supplies to send to the aid of Britain. This effort gave its diplomats a voice. With the war won, Canadians turned their attention to the development of the nation, independent &constructive participation in world affairs. The country played great role in working out the postwar trading world and in creating united nations in 1945; played a crucial role in creating the NATO in 1949. It was a golden age of Canadian diplomacy.

When in 1957 conservative party won Canada's unaccustomed power was returning to its more-usual status. Canada was a middle power. But with the help of USA this government was brought down in 1963. Pearson (head of the Liberals) agreed with US on vital issues, but his successor, Pierre Trudeau was nationalist which led to greater friction between the two powers. The situation changed in 1984 when the Conservative party under Brian Mulroney came to power. - main aim to restore good relationships with USA. 1988 - Free trade agreement (with president Reagan). The next step was the conclusion of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in 1994. Canada, USA, Mexico - parts of unified trading zones. In April 1982 Queen Elizabeth II visited Canada to sign the constitution - complete independence of Canada.

The growing national assertiveness of Canada was seen in the adoption of its flag in 1965. Now Canada's stature in the world stands high. By estimates she has won the reputation of the country where the population enjoys the highest ratings in quality of life. Belongs to G-7 club, which includes the seven most advanced countries of the world.

24. Canada contains a mixture of diverse national and cultural groups. At the time of Canada's first census, in 1871, about half the population was British and nearly one-third was French. With this successive waves of immigration during the late 19th and 20th centuries, C. became a multicultural society. But what does that mean? Simply stated, it means that Canadians are not of any one cultural background, race or heritage. Instead, Canadians today reflect a vast diversity of cultural heritages and racial groups. This multicultural diversity is a result of centuries of immigration. The proportion of Canadians of British and French ancestry has dropped to about one-fourth each, as fewer people have immigrated from the United Kingdom and France and considerably more have arrived from other countries in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Because immigrant groups have tended to settle in particular locales, they generally have retained their cultural identity. With the introduction in 1967 of immigration policy that eliminated these preferences for particular national groups, there had been a dramatic change in the formation of Canadian immigrants. Now almost 754 come from Asia, Africa, Latin America, Caribbean. Now: According to the 2006 census, there are 43 ethnic origins that at least one hundred thousand people in Canada claim in their background. The largest ethnic group- is English (21,1%), followed by French (15.8%}, Scottish (15.2%), Irish 13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (5,1), Chinese (4,4), Ukrainian (3.61), and First Nations (3.5%); Approximately, one third of respondents identified their ethnicity as Canadian. According to Statistics Canada's forecasts, the number of visible minorities in Canada is expected to double by 2017. A survey released in 2007 reveals that virtually 19.8% Canadians are foreign born. Nearly 60% of new immigrants hail from Asia (including the Middle East). Canada has the highest per capital immigration rate in the world, driven by economic policy and family reunification; Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. In the 2006 census, .there were 5,068,100 people considered to belong to a visible minority, making up 16.2% of the population. Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2%. Multiculturalism today has become a central force in Canadian life. What is a Canadian? C. are of course north americans and to that extent their way of life is very american. But c. worry about preserving their own identity while living next to such a large and populous country as the USA. They see and hold many differences that give them a separate identity on the continent. C. are extremely warm­hearted and polite people. They are not American, not British, not warlike or arrogant but certainly they are Canadian.

18. Structure of the President’s Administration. Everyday work of the government is carried out by different executive departments (ministries), created by Congress to deal with national and international affairs. The heads (ministries) of these departments, chosen by the President and approved by the Senate, form the Cabinet. Today, these 14 departments are: State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs. Each department has thousands of employees, with offices all over the country as well as in Washington. In addition to the executive departments, there are over fifty agencies in the Federal Government, the heads of which are directly responsible to the President, Each executive agency has certain duties and responsibilities. In 1947 the National Security Council was formed, which includes the President, the Vice-President, the Secretaries of State and Defense. It is the main centre of planning the American foreign and .military policy. The influence of the NSC is so great, that it is often called "the super cabinet". In 2008 Obama was elected as President of the USA. His main aims in foreign policy are: he'd draw down forces in Iraq; open talks with adversaries such as Iran, Syria and Cuba; end torture and close Guantánamo; renounce unilateralism and preventive wars; rebuild ties with allies; and re-engage with the Kyoto climate change initiative. He's also pledged to halt the development of and to seek a "world without nuclear weapons." Obama would start to put the threat of terrorism in its proper perspective, elevating the importance of other threats to security, from poverty to pandemic disease to global warming. Obama promises to increase Pentagon spending, boost the size of the Army and Marines, bolster the Special Forces, expand intelligence agencies and maintain the hundreds of US military bases that dot the globe.

16. The president of the US is head of the executive power, or the Chief Executive, in addition he has important legislative and judicial power. The official residence the White House, Washington, DC. Must be at least 35, a resident of the country for at least 14 years and a national born citizen. The President is elected to a four-year term, for no more than two terms.. Everyday work of the government is carried out by 14 departments (ministries, created by Congress: State, Treasury, Defense etc.), the heads of these departments, chosen by the President and approved by the senate, form the Cabinet. Functions.1) Executive ( carry out the government programs, issue executive orders, which have the force of low, can influence on public opinion) 2) Legislative (recommends laws to Congress, requests money for federal government operations, can veto any bill passed by Congress, though his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress)

3) Has authority to appoint the heads of all executive departments and agencies and other high-ranking officials [appointments must be approved by senate). Can grant full or conditional pardon to anyone accused of breaking a federal low.

4) Responsible for foreign relations with other nations (treaties must be approved by 2/3 vote of senate). Foreign policy (the latter half of 20-21st cent)

1) US acting as a global.-policeman

2)By the time of the collapse of the USSR, the US had military and economic interests in every region of the globe (interventions in Panama, Iraq)

3)Lack of support of environmental treaties (quitted the Kyoto" Protocol)

4)In 2007 03 decided to deploy anti- , ballistic systems in the Chech Republic and-Poland. In 2008 Obama was elected as President of the USA. His main aims in foreign policy are: he'd draw down forces in Iraq; open talks with adversaries such as Iran, Syria and Cuba; end torture and close Guantánamo; renounce unilateralism and preventive wars; rebuild ties with allies; and re-engage with the Kyoto climate change initiative. He's also pledged to halt the development of and to seek a "world without nuclear weapons." Obama would start to put the threat of terrorism in its proper perspective, elevating the importance of other threats to security, from poverty to pandemic disease to global warming. Obama promises to increase Pentagon spending, boost the size of the Army and Marines, bolster the Special Forces, expand intelligence agencies and maintain the hundreds of US military bases that dot the globe.