Mosti_1(29)_2011

ISSN 2219-6056

CTLI

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N 1(29)/2011

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Ten./!jJaKC: +7(495) 692-39-70 Ten.: +7(495) 979-63-91

e-mail: rvalent@online.ru;rvalent@yandex.ru www.rvalent.ru

CB"AeTenbcTBo 0 per"CTpa4"" cpeAcTBa MaccoBow "H!jJopMa4"" n", N! 1I>C77-40387 OT 02.07.2010 r.

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nepeneyaTKa MaTep"anOB - TonbKO

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B HOMepe:

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«OfiC)')K,lleHHe», KOTOPbl no ofibeMY HHOf.llanpe­ BbIwaeT caMY CTaTblO, nHweTca .llPyrHMH aBTOpa­ MH, a 3Ha'IHT OTJIH'IaeTCH .llPyrHMH HH.llHBH.llYaJIb­ HbIMH npH3HaKaMH; OH CO.llepXHT 3JIeMeHTbI caMbIX PaJHbIX CTHJIe , HaqHHaH OT KaHuenapCKOro H KOHqaH pa3roBopHbIM, HanpHMep:

;t!!. The perfect valve, like the perfect woman, simply

::zs does not exist, but you cannot get along without them.

I-

A BOT aHeK.l(OTH'IeCKHIf rrpHMep, HJIJIIOCT-

I:pHpyIOIUHIf CKJIOHHOCTb HeKOTOpbIX aBTOpOB K rrCeBLl,OHayqHbIM CJIOBaM:

Proper functioning of this component is critically dependent upon maintaining dimensional integrity. (BMecTo npoCToro: This part just will not work, if it is bent.)

3HaH THrrH'IHble neKcwqeCKHe H CTHnH­ CTH'IeCKHe rrorpelliHOCTH, MO)I{HO c.n:enaTb rre­ peBo.n: 6oJIee H3HIUHbIM H JIerKHM.llJIH'ITeHH, qeM OPHfHHaJI.

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npH BCTpe'Ie C BHeJIHHfBHCTHqeCKOH TeXHH'Ie­ CKOH HH<popMaUHeH nepeBO.ll'IHKa MoxeT BbIPY­ 'IHTb TOJIbKO MaKpOKOHTeKCT HJIH OfiIUaH TeXHH­ 'IeCKaH 3pY.llHUHa H 3HaKOMCTBO C COBpeMeHHbIM YPOBHeM .llaHHO Y3KOH OfiJIaCTH TeXHHKH.

TIepeBO.ll'IHK-HHXeHep OfiJIa.uaeT MaKpo­ KOHTeKCTOM, HO nepeBO.ll'IHK-JIHHfBHCT Haxo­

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2 3.<1>. CKOPOXO.n:bKO, HarrpHMep, CqHTaeT, 'ITO

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8. HaKoHeu, CJIe,llyeT yrrOMRHyTb eIlle OUH.ll <paKTop, uMeIOIlluH rrpRMoe OTHoweHHe K rrpofi­ JIeMe rrepeBo.na HayqHo-TeXHUqeCKUX cTaTeH, a HMeHHO: rrCUXOJIOrHqeCKUe fiapbepbl Ha IIyTH rre­ peBO.llqUKa. He uMeIOIllHH UHXeHepHoro ofipa30BaHUR JIUHrBUCT He B COCTORHUU rrpaBUJIbHO opueHTUpOBaTbCR HH B OfiJIaCTU TeXHHKU (TpY.ll­ HO OTJIUqHTb HOBoe OT ofiIlleH3BeCTHoro, KJIac­ CHqeCKoro), HH B Macce rrepeBO.llqeCKUX 3a,llaq TeXHHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa. OH 3HaeT, qTO 3Haqe­ Hue CJIOBa onpe.lleJIReTCR rrpe)K,lleBcero KOHTeK­ CTOM, U Bce xe orrupaeTCR B OCHOBHOM Ha CJIO­ Bapb. B pe3YJIbTaTe nepeBO.llqUK-JIUHrBUCT Hepe.llKO BblCTyrraeT B POJIU orrepaTOpa rrep<popa­ UUOHHOH MawUHbl U BbI.llaeT TaK Ha3blBaeMblH dictionary translation.

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Mhl rrepefu(eM Terrepb K IDlJlIOCTpaUHH HeKOTopbIX rrepeBO)l'leCKHX3a,n;aq H3bIKOBoro, JIOrwqeCKoro H TeXHwqeCKoro xapaKTepa, TaK KaK aHaJIH3 KOHKpeTHbIX rrpHMepOB rrOMOXeT qHTaTeJIIO rro.rryqHTb 60JIee rrOJIHOe rrpe,lJ;CTaB­ JIeHHe 0 B3aHMOCBH3H H COOTHOIlIeHHH JIHHr-

HaJIbHbIX CTaTbHX.

nepeBOA eCKHe 3aAa H S13bIKOBOrO

HAOrH eCKOrO XapaKTepa

1 .The viscosity of the resulting mix, when properly proportioned, can then be pumped.

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BR3KOCTb npaBHJ1bHO cocTcBneHHoH CMeCH YMeHb­ WHTCR, H CMeCb MOlKHO 6YAeT nepeKa'lHBaTb Haco­ COM.

2. No other form of cooling is introduced between the furnace exit and the saturation condition.

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HHKaKoro HHoro oxnalKAeHHR ra3a Ha Y'IaCTKe MelKAY BblXOAOM H3 TonKH H Ce'leHl'leM, B KOTOPOM cY­ l1\eCTByeT COCTORHHe HCCbll1\eHHR, He npeAYCMaTpH­ BaeTCR.

3. As shown in Fig. 1 1 , 1 /2 percent eccentricity toward the taps had a 1 /4 percent increase in the 0.7 beta coefficient.

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4. The specimen is first mounted in the flow chamber and connected to the pump.

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06pa3eL\ YCTOHaBnl1BaeTCSl B npOTO'lHoi1 KaMepe, KOTopaSi 3aTeM npl1COeAI1HSleTCSl K Hacocy.

If the material is coated, the coating is removed sacrificially at a rate proportional to the sodium concentration and onlr becomes insignificant at sodium equivalent in fue levels less than 0.3 ppm.

He3HaqMTeJIbHOll: CTaHOBMTC5I CKOPOCTb KOPP03MM, a He TOJILQMHa nOKpbITM:

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When we were doing the work reported on in 1935, the only satisfactory way of measuring orifice edge sharpness was to section the orifice and measure the rounding under a microscope. This, of course, was a very unsatisfactory way of doing it, since it destroyed the orifice plate.

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Ta6mO.!lOlUR

HOPMbI aHfJIMll:CKOfO 513bIKa MeHee CTpO­ fl1, qeM HOPMbI PYCCKOfO, - B qaCTHOCTM, aHfJIMll:CKMll: 513bIK ,lJ,OnYCKaeT TaBTOJIOfl11O (M. Y3CT M n. KMM6ep Bo06me Ha3blBa1OT 3anpemeHMe nOBTOp5ITb CJIOBa «CTMJII1CTMqe­ CKMM nyranOM»):

1.Even with the greater length, the leakage requirements still required clouse clearances so that rubbing had to be anticipated.

2.The provision of providing spinning spare capacity also presents a problem in the control of the supply system.

3. These comparisons indicate that corrosion fatigue crack growth may be either time or cycle dependent depending on the load profile, loading frequency, and temperature.

npM nepeBO,lJ,e He06xo,lJ,MMO YCTpaH5ITb TaBTOJIOfMIO, oc06eHHO B KOHCTPYKQI151X Tl1na «MaCJIO MaCJI5IHoe» : the tube sizing of the tubes. . .; a large amplitude usa decreases in amplitude...; the ambient environment conditions...; the limiting silica concentration ofsilica.

One'lamKU

1.Fig. 17. Stator blade tip clearance percent of blade weight.

2.Fig. 1 9. The influence of Reynold's number on the performance of turbomachinery.

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3. Its (method's) consistency was tested by taking eight impressions of a single point on the plate and comparing the resulting radius measurements. Of the eight impressions only seven could be measured. A fragment of lead jutting out into the radius of the remaining impression made it possible to make any measurement. It was noted during the testing of the plates that this happened quite frequently, usually in one or two out of the eight impressions taken on each lead disc.

ECJIM He orpaHMQMBaTbC5I <pOPMaJIbHhIM nepeBO,lJ,OM M CJIe,lJ,MTb 3a JIOrMKOll: 113JIO)f(e­ HM, TO JIefKO ,lJ,Ora,lJ,aThC5I, qTO BMeCTO CJIOBa possible ,lJ,0JI)f(H0CT05lTb npOTMBOnOJIO)f(Hoe no CMhICJIY impossible:

BOCnp0l13BOAI1MOCTb pe3ynbTaTOB npOBepl1nl1, 6e­ pSi BoceMb Orne'laTKOBOAHOi1If1 Toi1lKe TO'lKIf1 Ha KPOM­ Ke Alf1acpparMbl 11 CpaBHI-1BaSi 1-13MepeHHbie paAIf1YCbl nonY'leHHblX Orne'laTKOB. V13MepeHI-1S1 YAanOCb npo-

Becn1 TOllbKO HO CeMI1 OTne40TKOX - HO BOCbMOM OT­ ne40TKe KYC04eK CBI1HLI,O, Bbicrynl1BWI1H 30 KOHryp, CAell0ll HeB03MOlKHbiM KOKOe-11116o 113MepeHl1e. Bo BpeMS! I1CnbITOHI1S! Al10q,porM 6blll0 OTMe4eHO, 4TO nOAo6HblH 6pOK BCTpe40eTCS! AOBOllbHO 40CTO - 06bl4HO B OAHOM-ABYX 113 BOCbMI1 OTne40TKOB, nOllY40eMbiX HO KOlKAOM CBI1HLI,OBOM AI1CKe.

nepeBOA4eCKIo1e 3aAa4101 TeXHIo14eCKoro xapaKTepa

KaK)')Ke ynoMHHaJIOChBhIllle, nepeBo)),qH­ KY HayqHo-TeXHHqeCKOM CTaThH npHXO)),HTCH pelllaTb Maccy pa3JIHqHbIX 3a)),aq TeXHHqeCKO­ ro xapaKTepa. MbI orpaHHqHMCH HJIJIIOCTpa­ UHeM qeTblpex TaKHX 3a)),aq.

IIpU6J1e'leIlUe MaKpOKOllmeKcma

npu nepe600e mepMUlla

B CTane 0 KOCMHqeCKOM CKa$aH))'pe BCTpeTHJIOCb npe)J,JIO)l(eHHe, CMhICJI KOToporo HeHceH H3 MHKpoKoHTeKcTa:

This results in decrease in the bellows volume with deflection requiring PY work.

nepeBo)),qHK (HecneUHaJIHCT) orpaHHqHJI­ CH nOHCKOM COKpameHHH PV B paKeTHO-KOC­ MHqeCKOM CJIOBape - B pe3YJIbTaTe nOHBHJICH CJIe))'YIOmHM nepeBO)),: «3TO npHBO)),HT K YMeHbllleHHIO 06beMa CHJIh$oHa npH OTKJIO­ HeHHH, Tpe6yromeMcH npH pa60Te Ha JIeTa­ TeJIbHOM annapaTe C nOJIe3HOM HarpY3KoM». Ho KaK H3BeCTHO H3 TepMO)),HHaMHKH, PV work - 3TO pa60Ta C)l(aTHH ra3a, paBHaH npo­ H3Be))'eHHIO )),aBJIeHHH P Ha H3MeHeHHe 06be­ Ma V, n03TOMY nepeBO))" KOHeqHO, BblrJIH)),HT COBceM HHaqe:

OTK110HeHl1e, Tpe6ylOw,ee 30TPOTbi p060Tbi HO ClKOTl1e r030, npl1BOAI1T K YMeHbweH1110 06beMO CI111bq,OHO.

IIOUCK 6apuallmllOZO coom6emcm6UR 1I060Z0 mepMUlla

B CTaThe 0 BhI6pocax OKHCJIOB a30Ta H3 )),bIMOBbIX Tpy6 3JIeKTPOCTaHUHM nepeBo)),qHK BCTpeTHJICH C TepMHHaMH thermal NOx H fuel nitrogen NOx' HanpHMep:

The results of this correlation for front fired oil burning units ore shown in Fig. 7 as thermal NOx.

HCCJIe))'OBaHHHMH BhI6poCOB CTaJIH 3aHHMaTbCH OTHOCHTeJIhHO He)),aBHO, B CBH3H C pa3BepThIBaHHeM 60Ph6hI C 3arpH3HeHHeM B03)),y- xa, n03ToMY ynOMHHYTble BhIllie TepMHHhI He ycneJIH nonaCTh B CJIOBapH. nepeBo)),qHK npo­ CMOTPeJI nepeBO)),hI cTaTeM no BhI6pocaM, BhI­ nOJIHeHHhle B OHTH TenJIOTeXHHqeCKoro HHcTHTYTa, H n03aHMCTBOBaJI H3 HHX TepMHHbI «TenJIOBhle NOx'> H «TOnJIHBHhIe N0x'>. O,llHaKO HeTpY)),Ho 3aMeTHTh HeKoppeKTHocTh TepMHHa thermal NOx. Onpe)),eJIeHHe thermal no))'- qepKHBaeT $aKT 06pa30BaHHH OKHCJIOB B npouecce TenJIOBhl)J,eJIeHHH B TonKe H noqe- MY-TO ))'aeTCH TOJIhKO OKHCJIaM, 06pa3yeMhIM H3 a30Ta aTMoc$epHoro B03)),yxa, a OKHCJIhI, 06pa3yromHeCH H3 a30Ta, CBH3aHHoro B Ton­ JIHBe, Ha3hIBaIOTcHfuei nitrogen NOx' XOTH OHH TO)l(e nOHBJIHIOTCH B npouecce ropeHHH (TenJIOBhI)),eJIeHHH) B TonKe. n03TOMY 60JIee nOCJIe))'oBaTeJIhHO, nO-BH)),HMOMY, nepeBo­ )),HTh thermal NOx KaK «B03)),YlllHhle N0x'>, coxpaHHB 3afuel nitrogen NOx Ha3BaHHe «TO­ nJIHBHhle NOx'>.

3aMeTHM, KCTaTH, qTO pa60TbI, ny6JIHKYe­ Mhle Ha aHrJIHMCKOM H3hIKe B Tpy)),ax pa3JIHq­ HbIX 06meCTB H B Me)l()J,YHapO)),HbIX )l(ypHaJIaX, Hepe))'KO npHHa)J,JIe)l(aT HHOCTpaHHhIM yqe­ HhIM H npe)),CTaBJI5IIOT C060M HeOTpe))'aKTHpo­ BaHHhIe nepeBO)),hI Ha aHrJIHMCKHM. B TaKHX CJIyqaHx H)OKHO oc06eHHO 6)),HTeJIhHO OTHO­ CHThCH K CJIOBoynoTpe6JIeHHIO H TepMHHaM aBTopOB.

OnpeOe./lellue pll3MepllOCmu nymiM ou.ellKU 3l1a'lellUR 6eJlU'IUllbl

As an example, if I =35 deg, T1 = 520 deg, approach = 16.5 deg, then P = 0.47 and \)1* = 4.9.

B 3TOM npHMepe I - pa3HOCTb HaqaJIh­ HhIX TeMnepaTYP BO)),hI H B03)),yxa B pa)),HaTOp­ HOM rpa)),HpHe, T1 - TeMnepaTYPa B03))'yxa Ha BXO)),e B rpa)),HPHIO, a approach - TeMnepaTYP­ HhIM Harrop Ha XOJIO)),HOM KOHue. CnpalllHBa­ eTCH, B KaKHX rpa)),ycax - <PapeHreMTa, lI,eJIb­ CHH, P3HKHHa HJIH KeJIbBHHa - )),aHbI 3HaqeHHH napaMeTpOB? nepBaH H TpeThH BeJIHqHHbI CYTh TeMnepaTypHble pa3HOCTH, n03TOMY y)),06Hee )),JIH npOBepKH BbI6paTb BTOPyro BeJI HHy, TO eCTh T1. ECJIH )),a)l(e rrpH-

52:

=

•

w

o

C

HH COBnMalOmeM C TI (Ha CaMOM LJ:eJIeOHa BbI­

IIIeHa 16,5°), TO SlCHO, qTO BOLJ:anpH LJ:aBJIeHHH,HSlTb TeMnepaTYPY BOLJ:bI Ha BbIXOLJ:e H3 rpMHP­

6JIH3KOM K aTMoccpepHoMy, He MoxeT cymecT­

.....:

.... F,

BOBaTb npH 520° HJIH 271° C, nOCKOJIbKy OHa r.Q 3aKHnaeT npH 100°C; CJIeLJ:OBaTeJIbHO, rpa.nyCbI <l>apeHreMTa H UeJIbCHSI OTnMalOT H TeMnepa­

C; 1)'pa T1 B35.1Ta no repMO.llHHaMHlIeCKoH IDKaJIe

KeJIbBHHa JIH60 P3HKHHa. npOBepSieM rpa.ny-

8l CbI KeJIbBHHa: 520° K = 520 - 273 = 247"C >

0' 100° C. OCTaeTCSI npOBepHTb rpa.nyCbI P3HKH­

z::Ha: 520° R = 520 x 0,555 - 273 = 16° C. 3roT

2S

pe3YJIbTaT BnOJIHe npaBLJ:onoLJ:06eH, a 3HaqHT

2; Bce napaMeTpbI LJ:aHbI B rpa.nycax P3HKHHa, KO­ r::TopbIe HyxHO, KOHeqHO, nepeBeCTH no BceM

CTaTbe B rpa.nyCbI KeJIbBHHa. lIepeclfem ptl3MepnOcmu

nepexoLJ: Ha Me)KLJ:YHap0LJ:HYIO CHCTeMY eLJ:HHHU (CM) COBepIIIaeTCSI OqeHb MeMeHHO, n03TOMY nepeBOLJ:qHKY npHXOLJ:HTCSI 3aHH­ MaTbCSI yTOMHTeJIbHbIMH nepeCqeTaMH 6PH­ TaHCKHX eLJ:HHHU B MeTpHqeCKHe JIH60 B eLJ:H­ HHUbI CM. B CJIyqaSlX, KOrLJ:a CTaTbSl COLJ:epXHT MHoro 3MnHpHqeCKHX CPOPMYJI H Ta6JIHU, nOLJ:06HbIe nepeCqeTbI OTHHMalOT 60JIbIIIe BpeMeHH, qeM nepeBOLJ:. PaCCMOTpHM npHMep.

B CTaTbe no YCTaJIOCTHOMY pa3pYIIIeHHlO MeTaJIJIOB npHBeLJ:eHa cpopMYJIa da/dn = 1.42· 10-13. (AK)2.02. He06xoLJ:HMO 3anHcaTb ee B BHLJ:e, npHeMJIeMOM MSI PYCCKHX qHTaTe­ JIeM, TO eCTb nepeCqHTaTb qHCJIeHHbIM K03CP­ cpHUHeHT. nepeCqeT BbInOJIHSleTCSI B CJIeLJ:YlO­ meM nOpSlLJ:Ke:

a) cpopMYJIa 3anHCbIBaeTCSl B 06meM BHLJ:e: da/dn =D(AK)U. M3BecTHbIe pa3MepHocTH: [da/dnJ = in/cycle; [AK] = psi· -vn = (lb/in2) in'!,; a = 2,02 - 6e3pa3MepHbIM nOKa3aTeJIb CTeneHH.

6) onpeLJ:eJISleTCSIpa3MepHOCTb qHCJIeHHO­ ro K03CPCPHUHeHTa D:

B) HaXOLJ:HTCSl K03CPCPHUHeHT nepeCqeTa (nOfapHcpMHpOBaHHe onymeHo):

LJ:) cpopMYJIa 3anHCbIBaeTCSI B nepeCqHTaH­ HOM BHLJ:e:

dajdn = 3,2. 10-7 (L1K)2.02.

3aKAIOLleHHe

B HaCTOSImee BpeMSI TeopHSI nepeBOLJ:a Ha­ yqHo-TeXHl{qeCKOM JIHTepaTYPbI orpaHHqHBa­ eTCSI cyry60 JIHHfBHCTHqeCKHMH HCCJIeLJ:OBa­ HHSlMH, a npaKTHqeCKHe peKOMeHLJ:aIJ,HH CBOMTCSI K nepeBOLJ:Y OTLJ:eJIbHbIX CJIOB, cppa3eOJIOfHqeCKHX COqeTaHHH: H rpaMMaTHqe­ CKHX cpOpM. JIHHfBHCTHqeCKHe HCCJIeLJ:OBaHHSI TaK HJIH HHaqe HeLJ:OCTYnHbl nepeBOLJ:qHKaM, a ynoMSlHyTbIe npaKTHqeCKHe peKOMeHLJ:aUHH, 6e3YCJIOBHO, OqeHb nOJIe3HbI, HO LJ:aJIeKO He LJ:OCTaTOqHbI LJ:AAnepeBOLJ:a CTaTeM.

nepeBOLJ:qHKH JIY)K.ll;aIOTCSl B noc06HH, B KOTOPOM Ha 6a3e 06meH: TeopHH H npaKTHqe­ CKOro onblTa nepeBOLJ:OB 6b1JIH 6bI LJ:aHbI pe­ IIIeHHSInepeBOLJ:qeCKHX 3Maq JIHHrBHCTHqe­ CKOfO H TeXHHqeCKOfO xapaKTepa. TaKoe noc06He nOMoxeT nepeBOLJ:qHKaM paCIIIHpHTb apCeHaJI nepeBOLJ:qeCKHX npHeeMOB H CpeLJ:CTB, onpeLJ:enHTb KPyr 06S13aHHOCTeH: H npaD, H36aBHTbCSI OT HeLJ:OCTaTKOB nCHXOJIOfHqeCKOfO xapaKTepa H, B KOHeqHOM CqeTe, nOBbICHTb KaqeCTBO nepeBOLJ:OB.