- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •From the history of electronics
- •Exercise 2
- •The Electron Tube Legacy
- •From Tubes to Transistors
- •The Decade of Integration
- •New Light on Electron Devices
- •Focus on Manufacturing
- •Exercise 4
- •Toward a Global Society
- •Into the Third Millennium
- •From the history of electron devices lesson 8
- •Translate the following words paying attention to affixes.
- •Microwave Tubes
- •The Invention of the Transistor
- •Bipolar Junction Transistors
- •Photovoltaic Cells and Diffused-Base Transistors
- •Integrated Circuits
- •Early Semiconductor Lasers and Light-Emitting Diodes
- •Charge-Coupled Devices
- •Compound Semiconductor Heterostructures
- •Microchip Manufacturing
- •Alessandro volta
- •Volta's pile
- •Thomas alva edison
- •Early Life
- •Family Life
- •Early inventions
- •Menlo park laboratory
- •The Telephone
- •The Phonograph
- •The Incandescent Lamp
- •Electric Power Distribution Systems
- •The Edison Effect
- •Glenmont
- •Motion Pictures
- •Edison's Studio
- •The Electric Battery
- •Attitude Toward Work
- •Ambrose fleming
- •Very happy thought
- •Nonagenarian
- •Consultant
- •Leon charles thevenin
- •Teaching
- •A Good Launch
- •A Crucial Theorem
- •Lee de forest: last of the great inventors
- •In Business
- •Towards the Triode
- •Patent Battles
- •Success
- •Edwin henry colpitts
- •Oscillator
- •Ralph hartley
- •Harry nyquist
- •American physicist, electrical and communications engineer, a prolific inventor who made fundamental theoretical and practical contributions to telecommunications. The Sweden years
- •Education and Career in the u.S.A.
- •Nyquist and fax
- •Nyquist's Signal Sampling Theory
- •Nyquist Theorem
- •Nyquist and Information Theory
- •Russell and sigurd varian
- •Childhood
- •Russell
- •The klystron
- •Celebration
- •Walter brattain
- •"The only regret I have about the transistor is its use for rock and roll”.
- •A Home on the Ranch
- •Physics Was the Only Thing He Was Good at
- •An Off the Cuff Explanation
- •After World War II
- •The First Transistor
- •Rifts in the Lab
- •The Nobel Prize
- •Back to Washington
- •Education
- •Inventor of the Transistor
- •Contributions and Honors
- •Inventor of the first successful computer
- •The Mother of Invention
- •Launching the v1
- •An Electronic Computer
- •The Survivor
- •After the War
- •Rudolph kompfner
- •Architect
- •Internment
- •Travelling-wave Tube
- •Satellites
- •Alan mathison turing
- •The solitary genius who wanted to build a brain.
- •Childhood
- •Computable Numbers
- •Bletchley Park
- •Jack kilby
- •The Begining
- •The Chip that Changed the World
- •Toward the Future
- •Robert noyce
- •A noted visionary and natural leader, Robert Noyce helped to create a new industry when he developed the technology that would eventually become the microchip. Starting up
- •At Bell Labs
- •Founding Fairchild Semiconductor
- •Ic Development
- •Herbert kroemer
- •Too Many Lists
- •Postal Service
- •Theory into Practice
- •Back in the Heterostructure Game
- •Halls of Academia
- •Tuesday Morning, 3 a.M.
- •Heterostructures explained
- •Abbreviations
- •British and american spelling differences
- •Numerical prefixes
- •Prefixes for si units
- •Навчальне видання
- •21021, М.Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95, внту
- •21021, М.Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95, внту
Russell
The Varian boys attended grammar school in Palo Alto and high school near Halcyon. Russell left to work his way through Stanford University to a bachelor's degree in physics, which he received in 1925. Two years later this was followed by a master's degree - a considerable achievement for someone who, as a boy, had been held back by a few years at school because of his appallingly bad reading and spelling, caused possibly by dyslexia. This awful spelling was to stay with him for life. It was sheer persistence and a refined intelligence that saw him through6. Even his career as a student got off to a bad start as surgery and illness wrote off his first year.
Ideally the next step would have been a Ph.D., and a life in academic research, but that was not to be7. Sigurd was ill with tuberculosis and his parents needed financial help from their eldest son. Bell Labs turned him down8 but he got a job, for six months, with Bush Electric in San Francisco. This was followed by a research post with an oil company in Texas. After five months he was dismissed, almost certainly because of personality clashes9 with his employer. It was some compensation, however, that he had been awarded his first patent.
Back in San Francisco he was offered a position with the Farnsworth Television Laboratory. This was 1930, and America's economic structure was in chaos. But television research was progressing in several places and Philo T. Farnsworth's image dissector was acknowledged as one of the leading contenders. Russell Varian was delighted to join, even when a change of financial backer meant a move to Philadelphia. By mid-1933, though, problems between Farnsworth and Philco, the new backer, led to Farnsworth's shutting down. RCA went on to win the race to produce electronic television in America and Russell returned to Stanford. He applied to study for his long-awaited Ph.D. and was astonished when he was turned down.
At 36 years of age, his future had collapsed. He trained as a teacher but never took up the profession. Instead, at the university he did some tutoring here, some marking there, and what research he could. This prompted Sigurd to ask, "Is Russell figuring on making money out of scientific papers, or is he just going to advance the cause of science for nothing?"
SIGURD
Sigurd Fergus Varian left school in 1920 and registered at California Polytechnic but quickly dropped out. He was far too adventurous for the academic life. His contribution was not to be the original researcher but the developer and implementer of ideas, the man who got them to work. With a friend, he set up his own business as an electrician, but then joined the Southern California Edison Company. When stringing high power lines near a small airfield, Sig (as he was known) became fascinated by the aeroplanes. Soon he was receiving flying lessons at $4 each. It was the start of a life-long love affair.
In August 1924 Sigurd bought a wartime biplane. Soon the plane was earning money with stunt flying, advertising, selling lessons and giving joy rides. But by now tuberculosis had struck for the first of several times and six months' rest was needed to clear his lungs. The next year he hired himself out 10 to an electricity company as a flying serviceman and used his plane in other ways to earn a living. By 1926 regulations for flying were being introduced and Sig, and his plane, were duly licensed.
The life he was leading took its toll 11, however, and tuberculosis struck again. This time it was severe and Sigurd spent a year in a sanatorium, a severe trial for one with a driving, adventurous nature. When he finally accepted his fate he used some of his invalid time to plan for the future and study aerial navigation. He also made his first request to Russell to help improve aircraft navigation instruments: a radio compass was their first serious project, though it did not work out.
Sigurd decided it was time to get a regular job with an airline. He was an excellent pilot and was signed up by12 Pan American for its subsidiary in Mexico. The job turned out to be extremely well paid and had more than its fair share of excitement 13, with hunts for emergency landing sites, revolutions and other thrills. He also met and married Winifred Hogg, the daughter of the British consul in Vera Cruz and who, years later, was to make that blackberry jam. Mexico was also where Sigurd learned about the hazards of aircraft navigation and the need for aids, especially for blind landings. The threat of another war in Europe worried him and he pondered how approaching aircraft could be detected. Meanwhile the postmen carried letters to and fro between the brothers as they exchanged ideas for inventions and businesses.
By 1935, Sigurd was ready for a change. He took six months' leave and he and Winnie headed for Halcyon and a home laboratory which he set up and shared with Eric and Russell.