Text a Respiratory System

The arrangement of the respiratory system resembles that of the digestive system because it consists of a tube lined with mucous membrane.

Respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs.

The lungs are the essential organs of respiration because all the other parts act as passages for inhalation and exhalation. The lungs are designated right and left. Three of tubes are found in the lungs:

1. the ramifications of the bronchial tubes;

2. the pulmonary arteries which carry dark red or impure blood;

3. the pulmonary veins which carry bright red or pure blood.

The bronchi are two in number and the right one is larger than the left one.

The trachea is a tube that connects the larynx with the lungs. It is formed of rings of cartilage, attached to each other by fibro-elastic membrane.

The larynx is a short tube which connects the pharynx with the trachea. It regulates the amount of air which passes to the lungs and prevents the aspiration of foreign bodies.

The pharynx is used for the passage of air as well as food.

The nasal cavity is a cylindric passage of the nose divided by the cartilaginous nasal septum into symmetric parts. It opens externally at the nostrils and communicates posteriorly with the pharynx.

Vocabulary List

to act

to attach

to carry

to communicate

to connect

to recommend

to regulate

coughing

lung

membrane

obstruction

passage

pharynx

sign

surgery

trachea

tube

bronchial

nasal

pharyngeal

pulmonary

pure

respiratory

occasionally

through

Ex. 22. Repeat the following words and word combinations after the teacher.

1. the arrangement of the respiratory system

2. mucous membrane

3. essential organs

4. to act as passages

5. inhalation

6. exhalation

7. impure blood

8. amount of air

9. a foreign body

10. to open externally

11. to communicate posteriorly

12. nasal septum

1. Ex. 23. Translate the word combinations from the exercise 22 into Russian.

2. Ex. 24. Answer the following questions in Russian.

1. Что общего имеют респираторная и пищеварительная системы?

2. Почему легкие можно считать важнейшим органом респираторной системы?

3. Каковы функции гортани?

4. Как образована трахея?

3. Ex. 25. Answer the following questions.

1. What organs does the respiratory system consist of?

2. Why are the lungs the essential organs of respiration?

3. How many systems of tubes are found in the lungs?

4. What are those systems?

5. Which of the bronchi is larger?

6. What is the trachea formed of?

7. What is the function of the larynx?

4. Ex. 26. Translate Text A into Russian.

5. Ex. 27. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

7. Text b Pharyngeal Cyst

9. There are numerous causes of obstructions of the upper airway in the horse. One of the least frequently seen causes is the pharyngeal cyst. Clinical signs in the horse may resemble those of other, more frequently encountered conditions. Definitive diagnosis is possible only through endoscopic examination, or sometimes surgery. Clinical signs include coughing, regurgitation, poor condition and noisy breathing. Occasionally the horse may appear to be choking to death*.

10. Treatment. Laryngotomy is recommended.

11. * – задохнуться

12. Ex. 28. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

1. upper airway

2. frequently encountered condition

3. definitive diagnosis

4. poor condition

5. noisy breathing

13. Ex. 29. Answer the following questions.

1. Are the causes of obstruction of the upper airway numerous?

2. What is the one of the least frequently seen cause of the obstruction of the upper airway?

3. What are the clinical signs of the condition?

4. What kind of treatment is recommended?

14. Ex. 30 Build up sentences of the following words.

1. That, of system, arrangement, digestive, of, to resemble, respiratory.

2. To resemble, pharyngeal, cyst, signs, the horse, clinical, of, in, those, of, condition, other.

15. Ex. 31. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Некоторые животные имели симптомы респираторного заболевания.

2. Некоторые органы прикреплены к костям фиброэластической тканью.

3. У нескольких животных был кашель.