25

BASHKORTOSTAN

I. Обратите внимание на произношение географических названий:

Asia [′ei∫ə], Asian [ei∫ən], Bulgaria [bΛl′geəriə], Europe [′juərəp], European [juərə′piən], Greece [gri:s], Portugal [′po:t∫ugəl], the Urals [ i ′juərəlz].

II. Запомните произношение следующих слов и переведите их без словаря:

agricultural produce [ ægri′kΛlt∫ərəl ′prodju:s], autonomous [o:′tonəməs], ballet [′bælei], climate [′klaimit], college [′kolid ], continental [ konti′nentəl], culture [′kΛlt∫ə], economy [i′konəmi], federation [ fedə′rei∫ən], fundamentalism

[ fΛndə′mentəlizm], group [′gru:p], historical [his′torikəl], industrial [in′dΛstriəl], industry [′indəstri], institute [′institju:t], intensify [in′tensifai], interest [′intrəst], Islam [is′la:m], kilometre [′kilə mi:tə], legend [′led ənd], million [′miljən], modern [′modn], monument [′monjumənt], museum [mju:′zi:əm], nationality [ næ∫ə′næliti], nature [′neit∫ə], opera [′opərə], poet [′pouit], president [′prezidənt], region [′ri:d ən], religion [ri′lid ən], republic [ri′pΛblik], sanatorium [ sænə′to:riəm], sovereign [′sovrin], spirit [′spirit], synthetic [sin′θetik], territory [′teritəri], theatre [′θiətə], tourist [′tuərist], tradition [trə′di∫ən], unique [ju:′ni:k], university [ ju:ni′və:siti].

III. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

about – около, приблизительно

abroad – заграница, зарубежом

all over – по всему; повсюду

along – вдоль, по

among [ə′mΛŋ] – среди

art – искусство; художественный

be famous for – славиться чем-либо

be located – быть расположенным, находиться

be rich in – быть богатым чем-либо

between – между

border – граница

comprise [kəm′praiz] – включать, содержать в себе

continue – продолжать

cover [′kΛvə] – покрывать; охватывать

delicious [di′li∫əs] – вкусный

dozen [′dΛzən] – дюжина; мн. ч. множество, масса

education – образование

enterprise [′entəpraiz] – предприятие

exhibition [eksi′bi∫ən] – выставка

far – далеко; дальний

fascinating – обворожительный, очаровательный, пленительный

found – основывать

friendly – дружелюбный

hardworking – трудолюбивый

health – здоровье

health resort [ri′zo:t] – здравница, курорт

high – высокий; высоко

honey [′hΛni] – мед

improve – улучшать

influence – влиять

junction [′d Λŋk∫ən] – стык, соединение

lake – озеро

leading industries – ведущие отрасли промышленности

lime tree – липа

mark the birth – отметить рождение; быть началом

meat – мясо

meet demands – удовлетворять требованиям; отвечать потребностям

mountain – гора

numerous [′njumərəs] – многочисленный

oil – нефть

oil extracting [′oil iks′træktiŋ] – добыча нефти; нефтедобывающий

oil refinery [′oil ri′fainəri] – нефтеперерабатывающий завод

oil refining – нефтепереработка; нефтеперерабатывающий

own – собственный

peace – мир

place of interest – достопримечательность

produce [prə′dju:s] – производить

pro′fess – исповедовать

prosperous [′prospərəs] – процветающий

renewed [ri′nju:d] – обновленный

south [′sauθ] – юг; южный

state – государство, штат

the very – самый, тот самый

varied – разнообразный

well-being – благосостояние

within [wi ′in] – 1) (предлог места) внутри, в пределах, за; 2) (предлог времени) за, в течение

IV. Прочтите и переведите текст:

The Republic of Bashkortostan is a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation. March 23, 1919 marked the birth of the Bashkir autonomous republic and it became sovereign on October 11, 1990. The Head of the State is the President.

Bashkortostan is located along the South Urals at the very junction of Europe and Asia.

The nature here is varied and beautiful – high mountains covered with thick forests, numerous rivers and lakes. The climate is continental with warm, sometimes hot, summers and cold winters.

Its territory is more than 143 thousand square kilometres. It is larger in territory than Bulgaria, Greece, Portugal and many other European and Asian countries.

The population is more than 4 million people. About one hundred nationalities live in peace here. They profess different religions. The Bashkort people profess Islam, but without fundamentalism.

Bashkortostan is rich in oil and gas and oil extracting and oil refining are leading industries in the republic.

Bashkortostan is both industrial and agricultural region. It can meet its own demands in agricultural produce such as meat, milk, vegetables and others. The unique lime-tree forests are the source of the delicious Bashkir honey. Bashkortostan is also famous for its koumiss – a kind of drink made from mare milk. Koumiss is considered to be good for one’s health. A lot of people come to Bashkortostan’s numerous health resorts and sanatoriums to improve their health.

There are 20 cities in the republic. The largest ones are Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky. The capital city is Ufa. It was founded in 1574. The population is over a million. Ufa is the centre of industry, education and culture. There are many industrial enterprises in the city. The largest of them is a petrochemical complex comprising three oil refineries, a factory producing synthetic spirit and a chemical plant.

Industrial enterprises influence not only the economy, they change the city, improve the well-being of the population and intensify the development of science, culture and art.

There are 8 universities and institutes and about a dozen colleges where young people can go to continue their education.

Bashkortostan gave the world a large number of famous people. Among them the national poet Mustai Karim, the Russian opera legend F. Shalyapin, a ballet dancer R. Nuriyev, some modern pop and rock singers and groups known all over the country and abroad.

In Ufa there are a lot of places of interest for a tourist to see – museums historical monuments, art exhibitions, theatres. But visitors find the Bashkort people and their traditions most fascinating.

Bashkortostan with its hardworking and friendly people is sure to become a prosperous republic within renewed Russia.

Примечания:

both … and … - как … так и …

good for one’s health – полезный для здоровья

is sure to become – несомненно станет

V. Подберите к словам и словосочетаниям в колонке А сходные по значению слова из колонки В:

А about be famous for be located delicious hardworking meet the demands numerous oil extracting outstanding to consider to found

Б to believe tasty prominent oil producing to establish industrious be situated be known for approximately a lot of meet the needs

VI. Подберите к словам в колонке А определения в колонке Б:

a tourist attraction hardworking health resort improve numerous outstanding prosperous sovereign famous person

a lot of politically and economically independent someone who is well known to the public successful and rich to make something better very good working a lot a place where people often go for holidays a place that a lot of tourists go to

VII. Дайте английские эквиваленты:

суверенная республика; знаменитости; нефтедобыча; нефтепереработка; удовлетворять свои потребности; ведущие отрасли промышленности; сельхозпродукция; славиться ч-л.; быть полезным для здоровья; курорт; продолжить образование; около ста национальностей; более одного миллиона; достопримечательность; трудолюбивый; процветающая республика; в составе Российской Федерации.

VII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Where is Bashkortostan situated?

2. What is its territory?

3. How many people inhabit Bashkortostan?

4. When did the republic become sovereign?

5. What can you say about the nature of Bashkortostan, its climate?

6. What natural resources is our republic rich in?

7. What are leading industries in Bashkortostan?

8. How many higher educational establishments are there in Bashkortostan?

9. What can you say about the Bashkort people?

10. What outstanding people who come from Bashkortostan do you know?

THE UNITED KINGDOM

I. Обратите внимание на произношение географических названий:

United Kingdom [ju: naitid ′kiŋdəm], Northern Ireland [no: ən′aiələnd], Scotland [′skotlənd], Wales[weilz], Birmingham[′bə:miŋəm], Manchester [′mænt∫istə], Liverpool [′livəpu:l], Sheffield [′∫efi:ld], English Channel [′iŋgli∫ ′t∫ænl].

II. Запомните произношение следующих слов и переведите их без словаря:

parliament [pa:ləmənt], separate [′sepəreit], continent [′kontinənt], temperature [′temprət∫ə], agriculture [ ægri′kΛlt∫ərəl], constitutional [ konsti′tju:∫ənəl], monarchy [′monəki], symbol [‘simbəl], national [′næ∫ənəl], lord [lo:d], political [pə′litikəl], party [′pa:ti], Conservative [kən′sə:vətiv], Labour [′leibə], leader [′li:də], automatically [ o:tə′mætikli], minister [′ministə], opposition [ opə′zi∫ən], cabinet [′kæbinit], manufacture [ mænju′fækt∫ə], service [′sə:vis], technology [tek′noləd i], institution [ insti′tju:∫ən], course [ko:s], import (v) [im′po:t], residence [′rezidəns], policy [′polisi], mixture [′mikst∫ə].

III. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

adult [ǽdΛlt] – взрослый (человек)

all over = throughout – по всей (территории)

alternately [o:l′tə:nitli] – попеременно

area [′eəriə] – площадь, район, пространство

at present = at the moment – настоящее время

be engaged [in′geid d] in–быть занятым в

below – ниже, внизу

cathedral [kə′θi:drəl] – собор

chamber = house – палата (парламента)

change [t∫eind ] – изменять, изменяться

consist (of) – состоять (из)

continuous [kən′tinjuəs] – продолжительный

create – создавать

decade [′dekeid] / [de′keid] – десятилетие

decide [di′said] – решать, определять

densely populated – густо населенный

dome – купол

especially [i′spe∫əli] – особенно

exceed [ik′si:d] – превышать

expand – расширяться, распространяться

fog – туман

fortress – крепость

frequent [′fri:kwənt] – частый

full-time education – дневное обучение

huge [hju:d ] – огромный

island [′ailənd] – остров

land – высадиться на берег

lie – лежать

like – подобно

main – главный, основной

majority [mə′d oriti] – большинство

manufacture – производство, производить

maritime – морской

mean – значить, означать, иметь в виду

nearly – почти

over = more than – более, свыше

part-time courses – вечерние курсы

pollution – загрязнение

power – власть

powerful [′pauəfəl] – мощный, могущественный

prison – тюрьма

rarely [′reəli] – редко

retailing – розничная торговля

shipbuilding – судостроение

since – с; с тех пор, как

some = about – около, приблизительно

square [skweə] – квадрат, квадратный

steel – сталь

still – всё ещё, до сих пор

strong – сильный, прочный, крепкий

therefore [′ eəfo:] – поэтому, следовательно

too – слишком, очень

total – общий, целый, весь

traffic – транспорт

unity [′ju:niti] – единство

until – до

weather – погода

well-developed – хорошо развитый

win – побеждать, выигрывать

wind – ветер

IV. Прочтите текст, переведите:

The United Kingdom today consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was created by Act of Parliament in 1801 and its peoples are known as British.

The United Kingdom is separated from the continent of Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is

244 000 square kilometres.

Great Britain is an island. Therefore it has maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs. The weather changes very often but temperatures rarely exceed 32˚C or fall below -10˚C. The climate is not good for agriculture and many agricultural goods are imported from other countries.

Britain is a constitutional monarchy. This means that the monarch, at the moment Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State. Today the queen is not only the Head of the State, but also an important symbol of national unity, a symbol of British traditions. The British Parliament has two houses, or chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is the most powerful and decides national policy.

At present there are two main political parties that come alternately to power: the Conservative party (or Tory), and the Labour party. The leader of the winning party automatically becomes Prime Minister. The party who comes second is the Opposition. British Prime Ministers have lived at 10 Downing Street since 1731. People often talk about “Downing Street” when they mean the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet.

The country has a well-developed industry. Steel manufacture and shipbuilding were the oldest ones. In the last few decades service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. But manufacturing still plays an important role and many high-technology industries have been developed.

Britain is a densely populated country with some 57 million people.

The majority of the working population is engaged in industry. 80 per cent of its population lives in towns. There are many big industrial cities here: Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield and many others.

There are a lot of institutions of further or higher education. Most students in Britain are taking full-time education courses. There are also part-time courses, half of which are for adult people. There are some 79 universities, Oxford and Cambridge being the oldest of them. They are famous for their first-class education as well as their beautiful buildings.

London

London is the capital of Great Britain. London has a population of about 6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years ago. From about 1800 until World War Two, London was the biggest city in the world, but now there are many cities, which are much bigger.

London is famous for many things. Ten million people visit London every year to see its places of interest. They come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses of Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. Across the road from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.

Tourists also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such as Harrods, where you can buy anything.

Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over 1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many cars on the streets. The air isn’t clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until the Clean Air Act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or “smog”, which is a mixture of smoke and fog.

The best thing about London is the parks. The most beautiful ones are all in the centre.

Примечания:

Act of Parliament – закон, принятый парламентом

Elisabeth II = Elisabeth the Second

the Romans – римляне

St.Paul’s Cathedral [] – собор Святого Павла

the Houses of Parliament – палаты парламента, здание парламента

the House of Commons – Палата Общин

Westminster Abbey [] – Вестминстерское аббатство

Harrods – известный в Лондоне супермаркет

Underground – метро

the Clean Air Act – закон о чистом воздухе

32˚C = thirty-two degrees Celsius (Centigrade) above zero

-10˚C = ten degrees Celsius (Centigrade) below zero

V. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What countries does the United Kingdom consist of?

2. Where is the United Kingdom situated?

3. What is the climate of Britain?

4. What can you say about its political system?

5. What is the role of the Queen of England?

6. What can you say about the industry and business centres of Great Britain?

7. Where can British students get post-school education?

8. What is London famous for?

9. What are the most visited places of interest in London?

VI. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих выражений:

подобно многим большим городам; проблемы транспорта и загрязнения; через дорогу; до Второй Мировой войны; в настоящее время; общая площадь; морской климат; с продолжительными туманами; редко превышает 32˚С; климат не подходит для сельского хозяйства; сельскохозяйственные товары; определять национальную политику; глава государства; национальное единство; приходить к власти; первоклассное образование; палата лордов; Лейбористская партия; хорошо развитая промышленность; за последние несколько десятилетий.

VII. Дайте русские эквиваленты:

winning party, steel manufacture, service industry, still plays an important role, high-technology industries, a densely populated country, institutions of higher education, for adult people, take full-time courses, political parties, royal residence, to be famous for, a mixture of fog and smoke, to import from other countries.

VIII. Составьте план и перескажите по нему текст.

UFA STATE PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY