- •К. Ю. Овсянникова
- •Содержание Пояснительная записка
- •Part I The Noun
- •1.1. The noun: general information.
- •1.2. Noun Plurals
- •1.3. The category of case
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter II
- •2.2. The use of the definite article with class nouns.
- •2.3. Additional notes of the use of the definite article.
- •3. The use of the article with nouns of material.
- •9. Nouns in set expressions.
- •9.2. Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
- •10. The use of articles with day, night, morning, evening.
- •11. The use of articles with names of seasons.
- •13. The use of articles with the names of meals.
- •14. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little.
- •15. Two, the two; three, the three, etc.; the second, a second.
- •16. Another, the other; a number, the number.
- •17. Omission of the article.
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter III The adjective
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter IV The Pronoun
- •1. The Pronoun: General information.
- •2. Possessive pronouns.
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns.
- •5. Interrogative pronouns.
- •6. Relative pronouns.
- •7. Conjunctive pronouns.
- •8. Defining pronouns.
- •9. Indefinite pronouns.
- •9.1. Indefinite pronouns some and any.
- •9.2. Indefinite pronouns somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything.
- •9.3. Indefinite pronoun one.
- •9.4. Negative form of indefinite pronouns.
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter V The Numeral
- •1. The Numerals: general information.
- •1.1. Cardinal numerals.
- •1.2. Ordinal numerals.
- •2. Fractions.
- •3. Calculations.
- •Список использованной литературы Основная литература
- •Дополнительная литература
9. Nouns in set expressions.
9.1. The use of articles with nouns in some set expressions.
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in a hurry
to have a mind to do something
(a great mind, a good mind)
to fly into a passion
to get in a fury (in a rage)
to take a fancy to (chiefly with names of living beings)
in a low (loud) voice
a great many (with countables)
a great deal (with uncountables)
it is a pity
it is a shame
it is a pleasure
as a result
in the original
on the whole
to have a good time
to be at a loss
at a glance
it is out of the question
to take the trouble to do something
to play the piano (the violin)
to keep the house
to keep the bed
the other day (refers to the past)
on the one hand... on the other hand
to tell (to speak) the truth
to be on the safe side
9.2. Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
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out of doors
to take to heart
to take offence
to give (to get, to ask) permission
to lose heart
at present
from morning till night
from head to foot
from beginning to end
at first sight
by chance
by mistake
for hours
for ages
by land, by air, by sea
to go to sea
on deck
to keep house
at sunrise
at sunset
at work
at peace
by name
in debt
10. The use of articles with day, night, morning, evening.
The nouns day, night, morning, evening are used without articles:
(a) if day and morning mean ‘light’ and night and evening mean ‘darkness’, or if they denote a certain part of the day.
The sun had gone and night had come. (Abrahams)
(b) in the expressions by day, at night, from morning till night.
It is easier to work by day than at night.
The definite article is used when these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
He will never forget the day when he met her. The night was warm and beautifully still.
The definite article is also used in the expressions: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
The indefinite article is used when the noun is modified by a descriptive attribute.
I spent a sleepless night.
When the nouns morning and evening are modified by the adjectives early and late, no articles are used because these adjectives do not describe the morning or night, but only show the time.
It was early morning when the train pulled into the little siding.
11. The use of articles with names of seasons.
Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a certain time of the year.
It was spring. I like spring.
The definite article is used when these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
It happened in the spring of 1930. The spring was cold and rainy.
The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute.
It was a cold spring.
When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used.
It was early spring.
12. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail.
The nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail are used without an article when they lose their concrete meaning and express the purpose for which the objects denoted by these nouns serve. When these nouns denote concrete objects the articles are used according to the general principle.
(a) School, college.
to be at school – to be a schoolboy (schoolgirl)
to go to school
to be at college – to be a student of a college to leave school
to finish or drop one's studies
to go to the school – not as a pupil (the building is meant)
to leave the school – to leave the building
Mother went to the school yesterday to attend a parents' meeting.
She left the school at 7 o'clock.
She worked at a school in Siberia.
Bed.
to go to bed
to be in bed
Prison, jail.
to be in prison (in jail) – to be a prisoner
to be sent to prison – as a prisoner
to go to the prison – not as a prisoner