- •К. Ю. Овсянникова
- •Содержание Пояснительная записка
- •Part I The Noun
- •1.1. The noun: general information.
- •1.2. Noun Plurals
- •1.3. The category of case
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter II
- •2.2. The use of the definite article with class nouns.
- •2.3. Additional notes of the use of the definite article.
- •3. The use of the article with nouns of material.
- •9. Nouns in set expressions.
- •9.2. Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
- •10. The use of articles with day, night, morning, evening.
- •11. The use of articles with names of seasons.
- •13. The use of articles with the names of meals.
- •14. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little.
- •15. Two, the two; three, the three, etc.; the second, a second.
- •16. Another, the other; a number, the number.
- •17. Omission of the article.
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter III The adjective
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter IV The Pronoun
- •1. The Pronoun: General information.
- •2. Possessive pronouns.
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns.
- •5. Interrogative pronouns.
- •6. Relative pronouns.
- •7. Conjunctive pronouns.
- •8. Defining pronouns.
- •9. Indefinite pronouns.
- •9.1. Indefinite pronouns some and any.
- •9.2. Indefinite pronouns somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything.
- •9.3. Indefinite pronoun one.
- •9.4. Negative form of indefinite pronouns.
- •Practice in usage
- •Chapter V The Numeral
- •1. The Numerals: general information.
- •1.1. Cardinal numerals.
- •1.2. Ordinal numerals.
- •2. Fractions.
- •3. Calculations.
- •Список использованной литературы Основная литература
- •Дополнительная литература
Chapter V The Numeral
1. The Numerals: general information.
The numeral is a part of speech which indicates number of or the order of persons and things in a series. Accordingly numerals are divided into cardinals (cardinal numerals) and ordinals (ordinal numerals).
1.1. Cardinal numerals.
Cardinal numerals indicate exact number, they are used in counting (one, two, three, etc., hundred, thousand, million).
Such cardinal numerals as hundred, thousand, million may be used with articles (a hundred, a thousand, a million); they may be substantivized and used in the plural (hundreds, thousands, millions). When used after other numerals they do not take -s (two hundred times, thirty thousand years, etc.). The word million may be used with or without -s (two million, two millions). When the word million is followed by some other cardinal numeral only the first variant is possible: two million five hundred inhabitants.
1.2. Ordinal numerals.
Ordinal numerals show the order of persons and things in a series. With, the exception of the first three (first, second, third) the ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix -th.
In ordinal groups only the last member of the group takes the ordinal form: (the) sixty-fifth, (the) twenty-third. Ordinal numerals are generally used with the definite article: (the first, the fifth, the tenth, etc.). Ordinal numerals may be used with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order of persons and things in a series:
“I’ve torn simply miles and miles of the frill," wailed a third”.
2. Fractions.
In fractional numbers the numerator is a cardinal and the denominator is a substantivized ordinal: two-thirds, three-sixths.
Decimal fractions are read in the following way: 7.58 —seven point (decimal) five eight.
3. Calculations.
When calculations are said aloud, the verb is generally used in the singular, for example, “two plus two is four; two plus two equals four; two plus two makes four”. The verb “to equal” in this case is a little more formal than the verbs “to be, to make”. Examples: “two plus two makes four; two plus two makes four”.
3 + 4 = 7 (pronounced “three plus four is/equals seven”)
10 – 6 = 4 (pronounced “ten minus six is/equals four”)
5 x 4 = 20 (pronounced “five multiplied by four is/equals twenty”)
30 : 6 = 5 (pronounced “thirty divided by six is/equals five”)
In the case of addition, the plural form of the verb is also used, for example, “two and two are four; two and two equal four; two and two make four; two plus two make four”.
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Exercise 1. Open the brackets using necessary form of the numerals. 1. Independence Day, commonly known as the (4, July), is a federal holiday in the United States. 2. Kate is having a party for her (22) trip. 3. I felt very bad during my (5 hour) trip. 4. Her sister is (27) years old. She is tall and she has long curly hair. 5. He died on the (25, May), in the (72) year of his age. 6. When Mary was in her (20), she left her city. 7. He was the (11) person arrested in this city last month. 8. America was discovered in (1492). Probably by Colombus. 9. Susan has been the (14) girl to win such an expensive award since 2000. 10. Ted was the (9.000.000) citizen born in this city. Exercise 2. Open the brackets using necessary form of the numerals. 1. Be careful with that _____ table. (3, leg) 2. Today is _____ (22, July) 3. The letter was returned because he put only a _____ stamp on it (30, cent) 4. The train will stop on _____ (track, 2) 5. During the _____ trip, the boy wandered here and there. (5, hour) 6. Last week I went to that _____ store and bought something useful. (2, hand) 7. The Great Pyramid is about _____ high. (144, meter) 8. _____ of people sat quietly in the hall. (100) 9. Eggs are cheap. I bought _____ (2, dozen) 10. He wrote a _____ report. (5.000, word) 11. Next week, we are going to study _____ (lesson, 9) 12. About _____ of the workers are young people. (3/5) 13. About _____ old people died of the flu last winter. (2.000) 14. The scientist is in his _____ (30). 15. “C” is _____ letter of the English alphabet. (3) 16. He's been in the United States for _____.(1,5, year). 17. The experiment will last for one hundred fifty days. Today is _____ day. (149) Exercise 3. Pronounce the following calculations. 1. 56 – 24 = 32 2. 6 x 4=24 3. 55 : 11 = 5 4. 12 x 5 = 60 5. 72 – 13 = 59 6. 45 : 9 = 5 7. 99 + 10 = 109 8. 84 – 21 = 63 9. 20 + 5 = 25 10. 33 + 7 = 40 |