8.Translate into English.

Экономика - это общественная наука, изучающая поведение в сферах производства, потребления, распределения и обмена. Экономисты анализируют происходящие в этих сферах процессы и исследуют их последствия для физических лиц, организаций, например фирм, и общества в целом. В экономической науке существует много конкурирующих между собой направлений. Однако основным делением является деление на классическую и неоклассическую школы.

В систему экономических наук входят науки, которые изучают функциональные аспекты развития экономики (финансы и кредит, ценообразование, экономика труда, материально-техническое обеспечение, планирование экономического и социального развития и др.) или ее отраслевые особенности (экономики промышленности, сельского хозяйства, транспорта и др.).

DISCOVERING LANGUAGE

Passive Voice

The Passive Voice is formed by putting the auxiliary verb “to be” into the necessary form and adding the Past Participle of the main verb. Verbs which take an object (transitive verb) can have a passive form.

• They destroyed the building – The building was destroyed.

• The news surprised me. – I was surprised by the news.

Verbs which don`t take an object (intransitive verbs) don`t have passive forms. For example, there are no passive forms for the following sentences:

• I slept for nearly ten hours last night.

• The ship slowly disappeared from view.

A good dictionary will tell you whether verbs are transitive or intransitive.

1. Make these sentences passive. Use by if it is necessary to say who did the action.

1. Karl Marks wrote Das Kapital.

2. They are repairing your car now.

3. Steve Jobes founded Apple Computers.

4. The board will discuss the proposal.

5. Did anyone inform Mrs. Wilson about the agenda of the conference?

6. They make Renault cars in Slovenia.

7. They have transferred him to the New York office.

8. The Princess opened the new conference centre.

9. They had made a full investigation of the case by October.

10.I didn`t realize someone was listening to my telephone conversations.

2. Complete this advertisement, using either active or passive forms.

Communicado`s presentation skills training courses ___ (tailor) to each client`s individual needs, so the main focus is on the type of presentations that ___ (give) by the participants in their everyday working lives. Courses ____ (conduct) either on a one-to-one basis or in groups. They are highly participative and ___ (design) to be enjoyable as well as instructive. Communicado ____ (encourage) clients to ____ (build) on their existing social communication skills. Through a number of interesting techniques we ___(show) clients how time can ____ (save) in preparation, how body language can ____ (use) to maximum effect and how visual aids can ___ (create) for maximum impact. For more details on how Communicado can ___ (help) your company improve its business presentations, call 09002224577 now.

3. The following passage describes the production of paper. Put the words in brackets into the appropriate forms.

From trees to pulp The trees ____ (transport) to the paper mill by lorry, train or ship. First, the bark ___ (remove). This ___ (burn) at a later stage so that energy can ____ (generate) for the paper- making process. Then the logs ___ (cut) into chips and ___ (cook) under high pressure for four hours to make paper pulp. Next the pulp ____(bleach) to ___ (remove) dirt sports and ____ (improve) its ageing properties. From pulp to paper The manufacturing process also ____ (require) chemicals to strengthen the paper. The fibres ____ (mix) with additives and ____ (dilute) with water. This mixture ____(spray) onto the paper machine where it ___ (press), then ___ (dry) and ___ (wind) onto one large reel which ___ (weigh) up to 20 tons. Each part of the process ___ (control) by computers which automatically ___ (correct) any errors.

4. Complete these sentences with appropriate passive or active forms of the verbs

arrive destroy deteriorate develop follow exist happen need prevent recede release wear

1. A number of priceless works of art ____ in the earthquake.

2. By the time Carol ____ we had finished eating and were ready to go.

3. No record ___ of the visit he claimed to have made to Paris in 1941.

4. Because my visa had expired I ___ from re-entering the country.

5. It is generally agreed that new industries ____ for the southern part of the country.

6. If Nick hadn`t come along, I don`t know what would ___.

7. The economic situation in the region ___ quite sharply over the last year.

8. The coastline___ into the distance as our ship sailed further away.

9. It`s incredible to think that these clothes____ by Queen Victoria.

10. A new drug ___ to combat asthma in small children.

11. When Kathy left the room, everyone_____.

12. A number of political prisoners ___ within the next few days.

5. Make one corresponding sentence or two, if possible.

1. Someone threw a lifebelt to me.

I was thrown a lifebelt. A lifebelt was thrown to me.

2. Someone outlined the problem to me.

3. Someone has reported the theft to the police.

4. Someone told the story to me.

5. Someone has given 1 0.000 $ to charity.

6. Someone will demonstrate the game to the children.

7. Someone was offering drinks to the guests.

8. Someone explained the procedure to me.

9. Someone sold the car to Tom.

6. Using one was/were +Past Participle (passive) form, and one past simple (active) form, which one of the two verbs can complete both sentences in the pair?

Recall/notice catch/not mind imagine/hear dislike/keep find/dread see/like

1. a. She _____ coming into class late.

b. I _____ her carrying a yellow bag.

2. a. I ____ them taking apples from my garden.

b. They _____stealing apples from the farmer`s fields.

3. a. As he fell into the pool, he ___ himself shouting for help.

b. Jones ___ shouting at Mrs. Markham before the robbery.

4. a. I _____waiting for at least an hour.

b. I ___ getting caught in the rain without an umbrella.

5. a. We ____ the bills waiting for us when we got home.

b. They _____ entering the building with knives.

6. a. We ____ the birthday presents that uncle sent.

b. The children ___ playing football in the park this morning.