Английский

9. The Australian researchers discovered their polywater called fluorite polywater white studying water in food at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Division of food preservation.

10. The condensed water vapor between two flat plates of fluorite and hydrogen atoms linked with atoms in the fluorite.

Слова и пояснения к тексту by accident – случайно, нечаянно scepticism – скептицизм, сомнение fluorite – фторид

V. Перечитайте еще раз первый абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: In what way are molecules of polywater linked?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №5

Для правильного выполнения контрольного задания №5 необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса:

Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.

Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначным придаточным предложениям.

Различные значения слов as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor

3.Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic law of elements, the table of elements having his nаmе.

1.Scientists proved the new fuel to be very efficient.

2.Unless well heated the engine must not be started.

III. Перепишите и переведите письменно предложения, обратив внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1.The problems of water supply in this town are as important as those of heating

2.Microscope is quite necessary for this work.

3.This material will be used both in space apparatus and in underwater devices.

IV. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст.

MICROSCOPE FOR USE UNDER WATER

1.The first microscope which can be used below the surface of the sea has been devised by scientists at the California University at Santa Barbara. They plan to use it to study marine organisms in their natural environment, and hope that this will prove useful in their work on commercial cultivation of marine life, and in observing the effects of pollution on sea plants and creatures.

2.Dr. M. Neushul, Dr. А С. Charters and Mr. B. Coon designed the microscope, which was built by Mr. N. Lammer at the University's Marine Laboratory. The new system is а development of the conventional dipping cone microscope, which is designed to operate under the surface of water, so that aquatic life can be studied in the laboratory. The microscope itself is almost entirely enclosed in a transparent plastic box. Controls, operated through watertight apertures, as in some underwater cameras, and a battery housed separately to supply power for the microscope light, complete the system.

3.It is even possible to take microphotographs using this equipment, and, as Dr. Neushul points out, "there is really no substitute for direct observation of plants and animals in their natural habitat". The research which will be aided by the new microscope is as interesting as the tool itself. The university scientists have developed a programme to explore the commercial potential of cultivated seaweed to the point where they are planting their own seaweeds in one of the world's first "marine farms".

4.Even the largest of marine plants begin life as microscopically small spores. So a new window has been opened on the reproduction and growth of these plants, during the critical early stages of their development.

5.It is known that sewage and industrial pollution cause drastic, large-scale changes in the life near to the seabed but the detailed nature of these changes саn be revealed only microscopically. If the effects of pollution are to be counteracted, and assuming that waste continues to be discharged untreated into

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the sea, then the underwater microscope will undoubtedly play a large part in determining what action must be taken.

Слова и пояснения к тексту

dipping – погружаемый соnе – конусообразный

controls – регуляторы, ручки настройки aperture – отверстие

seaweed – морская водоросль

V. Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why will the underwater microscope play a large part?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5 ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите и переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1.Mention should be made that a submarine of this design can cross the Arctic under

water.

2.Without the powerful spaceships it would be impossible to supply our cosmic station with all the necessary equipment

3.If they had applied this method of calculation the results would have been much better.

II.Переведите письменно предложения с инфинитивными и причастными оборотами

1.X-ray techniques is widely used for diagnostic purposes in medicine and automobile and airplane industries; this techniques readily revealing flaws and cracks inside the metal.

2.Wood was perhaps the first material to be used by man for building purposes.

3. The young economist using all the advantages of the new method helped to improve the results of the firm's work.

III. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. As to these new houses they have more facilities.

2. Neither coal nor wood can produce the desirable quantity of energy.

3. Frederic Joliot-Curie is known all over the world both as a scientist and as a leader of the progressive movement.

IV. Переведите письменно текст

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CECIL FRANK POWELL

1. Professor Cecil Frank Powell is known to be one of the most famous British physicists. In the late 1940s a very interesting and even dramatic Situation had taken shape in high-energy and cosmic rays physics. Earlier, in the thirties, H. Yukava, a Japanese physicist, had forecast the existence of particles with a mass intermediary between that of the nucleus of the atom of hydrogen - the proton - and the electron. These particles, called mesons, make the substance stable. But later on it was learned that the newly-discovered particles were extremely "passive" and could not be the forces that operate in the atomic nuclei.

2.Powell solved this paradox brilliantly. Studying cosmic rays by means of nuclear photoemulsion which he had perfected, he discovered one more elementary particle which was called the pi-meson and the pi-meson is really the basis of nuclear force.

3.This discovery won him die Nobel Prize in 1950. It was a very important discovery for physics. It was found that there is a whole system of elementary particles m nature which is similar, to a certain extent, to Mendeleyev's periodic table.

4.Professor Powell's school has already done and is still doing much to study the properties of high-energy particles. C.F. Powell was widely known for his progressive views and social and political activities.

5.He was President of the World Federation of Scientific Workers for several years, he also was a member of the World Council of Peace, and one of the leading men in the Pugwash movement. He was a frequent visitor to this country, he was known to many Russian scientists not only from his works, but from personal meetings, too. Many Russian researchers have visited him at his home in Bristol. In 1968 Professor Powell received the medal named after the famous Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.

Слова и пояснения к тексту

meson – мезон

Pugwash movement – Пагоушеское движение (движение борцов за мир)

V. Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What medal did C.F. Powell receive?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5 ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

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1 The new instrument is to use the properties of the laser beam to prevent bleeding.

2.If we used an underwater microscope we should open a new window into the sea world.

3.Sliding bearings should be used to reduce friction and to соре with gyroscopic forces in heavy seas.

II. Переведите письменно предложения с инфинитивными и причастными

оборотами

1.The plant built in the 19th Century needs reconstruction.

2.Moscow underground is supposed to be the best in the world.

3.Liquid lubricants evaporating in vacuum, scientists developed solid lubricants for space engineering.

III. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на различные значения

выделенных слов

1.The more I work at the problem the more I Iike it.

2.As you apply old method, you are not able to complete this research.

3.For a long time they couldn't resume their exploration.

IV. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст:

MORE INTENSIVE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH IS NEEDED

1.The Natural Environment Research Council in London has defined subjects for Antarctic exploration which it says should be intensified.

2.It has prepared a report emphasizing the importance of the Antarctic as the best natural scientific laboratory in existence. Fundamental physical, chemical and biological changes of global importance сan be observed without interference with the multiplicity of interacting factors which occur elsewhere, the report says.

3.The ice sheet includes nine-tenths of the earth's ice and snow. In conjunction with the surrounding sea ice, the processes by which energy transfer takes place between the seas end atmosphere or by ocean currents profoundly affect the heat balance and the climate of the rest of the world.

4.Studies of the atmosphere and ionosphere are of great importance for weather forecasting and radio communications. The ice sheet contains an unaltered record of substances precipitated over thousands of years. They are the only uncontaminated samples from the atmosphere over this period, the purest longterm record of terrestrial material circulating in the atmosphere, and the most easily interpreted record of the amount of extraterrestrial material falling on the Earth.

5.A programme of snow sampling at a series of points along а 600mile line directed Inland from the coast, it is hoped, could provide a record of impurities from the sea These can be separated from the impurities of atmosphere origin.

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6. The Antarctic is also thought to be a potential source of protein. This region is rich in shrimp-like organisms, which now multiply by an estimated 50 million tones a year. These are a rich protein source. Suggestions that they could be harvested are being taken seriously fey scientists who have seen other fish stocks diminish.

7. The report defends the outlay for research on long-term projects. The work is carried out under the British Antarctic Survey.

Слова и пояснения к тексту:

sampling – отбор образцов

shrimp – креветка

to harvest – собирать урожай

outlay –расходы

V. Прочитайте еще раз 3-й и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопрос: What is considered to be the best natural scientific laboratory?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 6

ВАРИАНТ 1

I .Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст

TRAMS MAY BE ON THE WAY BACK

1.The tram, discarded by many British cities before and after the war, may be heading for comeback.

2.Newcastle Passenger Transport Executive has commissioned a study of the feasibility of Converting the 20-mile north Tyneside loop railway into an electric light train оr tramway system.

3.The advantages of the tram are the following: it is considerably cheaper than the conventional railway, quieter, free from exhaust fumes, and able to provide a more frequent service with more stops. Renewed interest is being shown in both Europe and America, where existing systems are being extended and new up-to- date vehicles are coming into service.

4.Dr. Tony Ridley, director-general of the transport executive, said: "we are aware of the considerable amount of work that is being done in the development of such systems in various parts of the world, particularly in Western Europe.

5."It is envisaged that such a railway would offer advantages not easily attainable with other transport systems. Having relatively small electrically

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powered stock, it would be silent in operation and devoid of fumes. It would therefore be more acceptable environmentally than the present railway.

6. By offering additional stops and a more frequent service, coupled with high performance, it could combine the attractiveness of a semi-express bus service with the operational advantages of a guided railway system."

Слова и пояснения к тексту: to discard – выбрасывать (за ненадобностью)

feasibility – возможность, выполнимость, осуществимость loop – ветка (железнодорожная, трамвайная)

attainable – достижимый stock – двигатель

devoid of – свободный от

II. Ответьте на вопрос:

What are the advantages of the tram?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №6

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

MOLECULES FOUND IN SPACE

l. An unidentified radio signal that may be a clue to the chemical processes that are taking place in space has been discovered by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona.

2.0ne of the scientists, Dr. L. E. Snyder, reported to the International Astronomical Union meeting in Brighton that there is every reason to believe that the signals are coming from a chemical compound being formed in the clouds of dust in space.

3.Six different types of chemical have been detected in space by their radio emission.

4.In some cases the molecules are present to the extent of only one molecule in a cubic meter, but the clouds are so large that the total number of molecules is significant.

5.Astronomers have been surprised at the range of molecules that have turned up in these observations. Molecules of water, ammonia, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, for example, have been found, recognized by their characteristic radio emissions. One question of course, is how these comparatively complex molecules are formed in the dark clouds.

6.Оnе possibility discussed at the meeting is that individual atoms come together to make molecules on the surfaces of the grain of dust composing the

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clouds. The dust grains are suspected to consist of graphite or, possibly, a silicate material.

7.The new radio signal has been detected in four regions of space. The signal was being recorded at the Kitt Peak Observatory. Dr. Snyder said he is fairly convinced that the signal is due to radio emission from a molecule, but so far nobody knows what type of molecule is responsible.

8.But the consensus at the meeting seems to be that a molecule made up of some combination of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms is probably responsible. These are the atoms making up the other types of molecule that have been detected in dark clouds.

9.0ne reason why astronomers believe it is important to discover what is happening in the clouds is that they are suspected to be made up of the kind of material from which the solar system was formed. It has also turned out that some indication of the way the clouds are moving can be found by measuring how the wavelengths of the signals are slightly shifted from what is expected for molecules at rest.

Слова и пояснения к текстy

grain – крупица (пыли)

consensus – согласие, единодушие

11. Ответьте на вопрос:

Why is it important to discover what is happening in the dark clouds?

.. КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №6 ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:

А COOL SUBWAY - COMFORTABLE IN SUMMER AND ECONOMICAL

l. Subway networks in Japan have now assumed major importance as one effective means of resolving growing traffic congestion in the large cities. However, the subway has a major shortcoming, especially in the sultry summer: for the heat emitted by the underground coaches in motion adds to the already stuffy atmosphere surrounding the passengers. A subway free of this defect has long been the earnest wish and dream of urban dwellers. Now in answer to this need the Teito Rapid Transit Authority in Tokyo has started to use 130 low heatgeneration coaches on the Chiyoda Line. The coaches employ а new electronic control device.

2. The new device adopted for the new-type coach uses a semiconductor called "a thyrister" instead of the conventional resistor. This is designed to provide

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smooth speed control by intermittently sending an electric current through the main circuit of the electric car and little by little changing the voltage of the current fed to the motor.

3. The new control system has the following advantages. Since electricity is used efficiently, power consumption is low. Heat generation is limited. So the temperature in underground tunnels can be lowered, making a "cool" subway a reality. The smooth control of the electric current flow prevents die racing of wheels and greatly enhances the riding comfort of passengers. Compared with

points mark a changeover from the "stuffy" to the "cool subway and thus represent a major step forward in Tokyo's drive to ensure a comfortable ride on its public transport system.

Слова и пояснения к тексту intermittently – ритмично

sultry – знойный, душный

racing of wheels – "рыскание" колес to enhance – увеличивать, повышать.

II. Ответьте на вопрос:

What was the main shortcoming of the Tokyo's subway?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №6 ВАРИАНТ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите текст

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1.Various engineering materials are used in engineering practice. In studying engineering processes we must know the characteristics of engineering materials. It is important to know them becausethey affect manufacture and application of materials. The characteristics of a material are its qualities strength, hardness and elasticity. They depend upon the chemical composition and the physical structure of the material.

2.If we take lead and nickel, for example, .we see that they have a similar crystalline structure, but a different chemical composition. On the band, if we take diamonds end graphite, we find that they have the same chemical composition, but their physical structures are quite different.

3.Physical Properties. Those distinguishing qualities or characteristics, which are used to describe a substance, are referred to as physical properties. A description of the physical behaviour of a material would include such

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