2.3. Production of national income and the facts of its growth. Productive and unproductive labor in a market economy

In the terminology of the "production of national income" is used to compare the efficiency of production in different countries. This is a very important factor as it characterizes the level of economic development in relation to the population and the most accurately determine the level of productivity of social labor in a country, the degree of development of its productive forces, the effectiveness of forms of ownership and economic mechanism. Calculate the production per capita in terms of gross national product, national income, industrial production, agriculture, services provided, etc. The calculation is performed by dividing the amount of the gross national product or national income and other macroeconomic variables in the midyear population. For the individual states generally determine the effectiveness of social production - the most important general characteristic efficiency of social production, which reflects the ratio of the created goods and services to the total costs of social labor. On the scale of one farm efficiency is measured by the ratio of the size established for a certain period of national income to the cost of social labor.

Since the production of the national income and social production are inextricably connected to each other, then they are characterized by the same performance indicators that demonstrate the following facts increase or decrease productivity, depending on various parameters affecting the efficiency of production.

At the heart of distinguished social and economic efficiency:

Social efficiency - this line of basic social and economic needs and goals of society and the interests of the individual. Integrating social performance is the production of consumer goods in total production for a given period (usually a year). In developed countries, the share of consumer goods (including services) in the gross domestic product of almost 70%, while the production of the means of production - about 30%. In social performance embedded value of such social costs (pollution, the incidence of the nation, poverty, etc.) and social benefits (education, health, living standards, etc.) If we consider Ukraine as adopted in the USSR indicators (there was an inversely proportional relationship to the ratio of production of consumer goods and capital goods) for from 1990 to 1998. the share of consumer goods declined by almost half, indicating a further deterioration of social performance. One of the main reasons is the fact that our state was one of the main centers of concentration of the military-industrial enterprises of the former Soviet Union, which at that time were quite unprofitable without government orders for weapons and reduce the state budget for the maintenance of the armed forces of Kazakhstan. In addition, most companies in other industries in the presence of mostly obsolete equipment manufactured products with high production costs due to high material intensity of production.

Economic efficiency - is to achieve the best results at the lowest cost of labor and materials. This particular form of manifestation of the law of economy of time. For Western companies generally considered acceptable to maximize the net profit per employee, that does not preclude the use of the level of profit. It was introduced the concept of "Pareto efficiency" (named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto), according to which the economic efficiency of the national economy - is a condition in which it is impossible to increase the degree of satisfaction of the needs of at least one person, if it does not deteriorate the position of other members of the society. When the need concrete measures of economic performance that make performance calculations, materialootdachi and materials consumption, capital efficiency, energy production (this aspect in our country attaches special importance, as our energy costs per unit of production is several times greater than the costs of similar products on the west) etc.

Returning to the existence of two methodological approaches to the analysis of national income can be said that the difference in them is rooted in the solution to the problem of production and non-production labor. Adam Smith believed that productive labor is linked to the production of material goods: "One kind of labor increases the value of the object to which it is attached, the other type of work does not have such an effect. First, because it produces a value, may be called productive labor, the second - non-productive "1. This definition, he expressed in the study of the capitalist economic system, and it is important to study the production of national income in any economic system.

According to the works of Karl Marx in the role of productive labor act all the action that results in a new product that includes both services, but its concept of industrial labor has not received universal acceptance for the same reason - because of the poor development of the service. Representatives of the subjectivist school vice versa does not make distinctions between productive and non-productive labor, since in their view the entire economy - is the production of the utilities of both goods and services. In theory it is possible for the State in which the control system is trying to remake the national economy as a unified public sector, where all the work appears as productive. But time proves that there are always services provided, according to Marx, "third-class personages" who are paid by the direct producers or owners, that is, by pure product made in the workplace.

At a time when most countries in the world have achieved in the development of the information age, significantly increased the scope and role of the service sector (science, education, health care, utilities, device state management, services, law enforcement, etc.) to the degree of international economic policy development of the service , today is an important indicator of economic and social development of the country, affecting the prospects of economic and political development.

"Services" in the broadest sense acts as a set of activities that are not directly related to the physical, aimed at the production of things, hardly. Includes all kinds of mental work, including in the government administration, and has a high rate of growth. In addition to such professions as scientists, teachers, health workers, etc., which influence the production of doubt, this includes such as priests, intermediaries, professionals in the field of culture, military, etc.

Given the fact that in today's world, non-production work has the same value as the production, the economic policy of the state is necessary to maintain a balance in the financing of the two sectors of the economy. In the event that the balance is not maintained, the result could be a disruption of the normal functioning of the economy.

Thus seen direct proportionality between the effective operation of the production and accumulation of national income with its further distribution. Produced over time national income - is essentially the economic benefits that social production is achieved. With the increase national income increases, both economic and social opportunities of society.