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Министерство аграрной политики Украины

Керченский государственный морской технологический университет

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания

к практическим занятиям и самостоятельной работе

по теме: «Основы судовой медицины»

для студентов направления 6.070104

специальности «Судовождение»,

«Судовождение и промышленное рыболовство»

дневной и заочной формы обучения

Керчь, 2009

Составитель: Чарова Ирина Витальевна, преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Керченского Государственного морского технологического университета (КГМТУ)

Рецензенты: Маркевич Т.А. старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков КГМТУ;

Коробко Т.Н., старший преподаватель УТЦ КГМТУ, врач-терапевт высшей категории.

Методические указания рассмотрены и рекомендованы к утверждению на заседании кафедры иностранных языков КГМТУ,

протокол № 11 от 24.06.2009 г.

Методические указания рассмотрены и рекомендованы к утверждению на заседании методической комиссии МФ (ТФ) КГМТУ,

протокол № от

Методические указания утверждены на заседании Методического совета КГМТУ,

протокол № от

 Керченский государственный морской технологический университет

Содержание

Предисловие……………………………………………………………………… 4

Unit 1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY…………………………………….…. 5

Unit 2. FIRST AID….……………………………………………………………...11

Unit 3. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT: ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND HEART COMPRESSION…………………………………………………………………...14

Unit 4. SHOCK……………………………………………………….……………17

Unit 5. HISTORY - TAKING………………………………………………………19

Unit 6. BURNS AND SCALDS…………………………………………………...24

Unit 7. ABDOMINAL PAIN……………………………………………...……….27

Unit 8. INFECTIOUS DISEASES……………………………………...………… 32

Unit 9. FRACTURES………………………………………………………..……. 35

Unit 10. TOXIC HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS………………………………….. 38

ADDITIONAL TEXTS (HOME READING)………………………..……………41

Список использованной литературы…………………………………………….60

Предисловие

Данные методические указания представляют собой тексты по судовой медицине для изучения студентами старших курсов морских специальностей. Тематика объединяет различные аспекты медицинских знаний, адаптированные для судовых условий. Пособие интегрирует основные темы различных разделов («Анатомия и физиология», «Оказание первой помощи», «Инфекционные заболевания» и т.д.).

Методические указания направлены на развитие и совершенствование навыков прямого и обратного перевода, активных коммуникативных навыков для общения по заданной тематике. Материал изложен в соответствии с требованиями ИМО и ВОЗ, предъявляемых к судовой медицине и с учетом международной одобренной терминологии.

Unit 1

1. Read and translate the text

Anatomy and physiology

Treatment of illness on board ship requires some understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body.

The skeletal system

The skull forms a case that contains and protects the brain. It consists of many bones, firmly joined to one another except for the lower jaw, which moves at joints just in front of the ears. The skull rests on the upper end of the backbone, which is made up of a series of small bones placed on top of each other. These bones are called vertebrae and collectively compose the spinal column, within which is housed the spinal cord; nerves emerge from the cord at the level of each vertebra.

At the lower end of the backbone is the pelvis, formed by the hipbones, one on each side, which together form a basin to support the contents of the abdomen. On the outer side of either hip is a cup-shaped socket into which the rounded head of the femur (or thigh bone) fits, forming a ball-and-socket joint. The femur ends at the knee, where it forms a hinge-like joint with a strong tibia (shin bone), which can easily be felt under the skin. On the outer side of the shinbone is attached the slender fibula. In front of the knee-joint lies the patella (knee-cap), the shape of which can be easily felt. At the ankle the foot is joined to the lower ends of both the tibia and fibula by another hinged joint. The foot is made up of many small bones of different shapes. There are two bones in the great toe and three in each of the other toes.

Twelve ribs are attached to the backbone on either side. Each rib, with the exception of the two lowermost on each side, curves round the chest from the backbone to the sternum (breastbone) in front. The lowermost ribs have no attachment to the sternum in front. The ribs form the chest and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs. When you take a deep breath, your ribs move slightly upwards and outwards so as to expand your chest. The sternum, flat and danger-shaped, lies just under the skin of the front of the chest, and to its upper end is attached the clavicle (collar-bone). On the either side this bone goes out horizontally to the point of the shoulder and acts like an outrigger in keeping the shoulder in position. The outer end of the collar-bone joins with the scapula (shoulder-blade), which is triangular bone lying at the upper and outer part of the back on either side. Each scapula has a shallow socket into which fits the rounded upper end of the humerus (arm bone). At the elbow the arm bone forms another hinge-like joint with the radius and ulna (the forearm bones), and these join with the hand at the wrist. The wrist and hand, like the foot, are made up of many small bones. There are two bones in the thumb and three in each finger.

The muscular system

Voluntary muscles are found in the head, neck, limbs, back, and walls of the abdomen. They are attached to the bones by fibrous tissue, which is frequently in the form of a cord and is then called a tendon or leader. When a muscle contracts in response to an impulse sent to it through a nerve, it becomes shorter and thicker and draws the bones to which it is attached nearer to one another. The brain controls such movements.

Involuntary muscles are found in the stomach and intestines, heart, blood vessels, and other internal organs of the body. As the name indicates, they are not under the influence of the will, but function on their own, day and night.

The circulatory system (heart and blood vessels)

The body contains about five litres of blood, which circulates to all the tissues of the body. It is kept moving round the body by the heart, a muscular pump about the size of a clenched fist situated in the chest behind the breastbone, lying between the lungs, rather more on the left than on the right. The heart has two sides; the right side receives the venous blood coming back to it from the body in general and pumps it through the lungs, where it passes through minute tubes, gives up carbon dioxide, and takes up a supply of oxygen. The oxygenated blood now passes to the left side of the heart, which pumps it to all parts of the body through the arteries. This blood carries oxygen, food, water and salts to the tissues; it is bright red in colour. It also conveys heat to all parts of the body and contains various substances to counteract infections in the tissues. The arteries are like thick-walled tubes and decrease in diameter away from the heart. In the tissues the smallest blood vessels are very minute and are called capillaries. The blood, having supplied the tissues with oxygen and other substances and removed the carbon dioxide that has accumulated, becomes darker in colour. The capillaries take it into the veins, thin-walled tubes that carry the blood back to the right side of the heart.

Some of the blood passes to the stomach and intestines and, having taken up food products, carries them away to be stored in the liver. Blood is also taken by arteries to the kidneys and there gets rid of waste products, which are passed in the urine.

The digestive system and abdomen

Food in the mouth is broken up by chewing and tongue movements and mixed with saliva (spittle), which lubricates it and starts the digestive processes. When it is in a suitable state, it passes to the back of the throat, where muscular action forces it down the esophagus, or gullet, a muscular tube in the neck behind the windpipe. The gullet runs down the back of the chest between the two lungs, then passes through the diaphragm into the stomach.

The stomach lies mainly in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity, partly behind the lower left rib cartilages and just under the heart. When food enters stomach, various digestive juices act upon it, and the stomach muscles contract and relax, mixing it thoroughly. The capacity of the adult stomach is about one litre.

Still only partly digested, the food passes into the small intestine, where more digestive juices, especially those from the liver and pancreas, mix with it. Nourishment and fluids are absorbed from this coiled-up tube, which is about six metres long, and the residue of the food passes into the large intestine, or colon, at a point in the lower part of the right side of the abdomen, close to where the appendix is situated. In the large intestine more moisture is extracted from the food residue. At its far end, the large intestine joins the rectum, and here the unwanted food residue collects and is passed out of the body by the back passage or anus.

The liver secretes the important digestive juice called bile (a greenish/brownish fluid) and, on its surface, has a small reservoir called the gall-bladder, where a supply of bile is kept available. The liver also deals with, and stores, digested food materials.

The spleen is a solid oval-shaped organ in the upper part of the left side of the abdominal cavity at the back of the stomach, just above the kidney. Its functions are largely connected with the blood and it may be enlarged in certain diseases.

The urinary system

The kidneys are at the back of the upper part of the abdominal cavity, one on either side of the spine. They remove water and certain waste products from the blood and produce urine. Urine leaves each kidney by a small tube called the ureter, the two ureters entering the back of the bladder, which is a muscular bag situated in the front part of the cavity of the pelvis. Urine collects in the bladder and is expelled from it through a tube leaving its under-surface. This tube is called the urethra and in the male is contained in the penis.

The nervous system

The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves that issue from them. The brain, in the cavity of the skull, is a mass of nervous tissue. The coordinating center of the body, it acts like a computer, receiving messages through the incoming (sensory) nerves and the special nerves connected with sight, smell, hearing, etc., deciding on the action necessary, then sending out orders to the various parts of the body by the outgoing (motor) nerves.

The spinal cord is composed of similar tissue; it leaves the under-surface of the brain through an opening in the base of the skull and passes down a canal in the vertebral column. To pursue the analogy with the computer, it contains the trunk lines running between the brain and the various parts of the body and also a number of local nerve centers. At intervals down the spinal column, nerve trunks issue from the spinal cord containing both motor and sensory fibres; these nerves make contact with the muscles, which they cause to contract, and with the skin and other organs, where the sensory messages to the brain and spinal column start.

Autonomic nervous system

This is a fine network of nerve, which helps control the functions of various organs in the body. It too has local nerve centers, such as the solar plexus, which is situated in the upper part of the abdomen, behind the stomach. Although connected with certain parts of the brain, it is not controlled by the will but functions automatically day and night. It regulates the rate at which the heart pumps, in accordance with the demands of the various bodily systems at any particular time. It also helps control the muscles of the stomach and intestine and the rate and depth of breathing.

Skin

The skin covers and protects the body. It consists of two layers. The outer layer is hard, contains no blood vessels or nerves, and protects the inner layer, where the very sensitive nerve-endings lie. The skin contains numerous sweat glands, the roots of the hair, and special glands that lubricate the skin and the hair.

Sweat consists of water, salt, and other substances. Sweating cools the body and helps to regulate its temperature.

2. Answer the following questions

1. What are the main parts of the skeletal system?

2. What does the skull form?

3. Where is the skull situated?

4. What bones are called vertebrae?

5. Where is the pelvis located?

6. What types of muscles are found in the body?

7. How much blood does the body contain?

8. What is the heart?

9. What are the arteries (veins, capillaries)?

10. What are their functions?

11. What are the main parts of the digestive system?

12. Where is the stomach located?

13. How does the liver function?

14. Where are the kidneys located and what is their function?

15. What does the skin do in the body?

3. Find Russian equivalents of the following words

Skull, brain, jaw, joint, backbone, vertebrae, spinal column, pelvis, hipbone, femur, tibia (shin bone), fibula, patella, ankle, sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, cranium, carpals, ilium, coccyx, sacrum.

4. Fill in the blanks with the given below words

Kidneys, brain, stomach, spleen, abdomen

1. The skull forms a case that contains and protects the….

2. The solar plexus is situated in the upper part of the …, behind the stomach.

3. The … are at the back of the upper part of the abdominal cavity, one on either side of the spine.

4. The … lies mainly in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity.

5. The … is a solid oval-shaped organ in the upper part of the left side of the abdominal cavity.

4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English

1. Организм человека состоит из множества клеток, тканей, органов.

2. Скелет - основа опорно-двигательного аппарата.

3. Скелет состоит из костей черепа, костей туловища, костей верхних и нижних конечностей.

4. Сердечно-сосудистая система образована из центрального органа – сердца и кровеносных сосудов разной величины – артерий, вен, капилляров.

5. Сердце – мышечный орган размером с кулак.

6. По кровеносным сосудам человека циркулирует около 5 литров крови.

7. Систему органов дыхания образуют носовая полость, горло, гортань, бронхи, легкие.

8. Пищеварительная система состоит из ротовой полости, глотки, пищевода, желудка, тонкого и толстого кишечника, а также желез пищеварительного тракта (печени, поджелудочной железы)

9. Мочевая система включает почки, мочеточники, мочевой пузырь и мочеиспускательный канал.

10. Кожа играет роль наружной оболочки и выполняет защитную функцию

4. Match the synonyms

1. Skull	a. Vertebrae
2. Backbone	b. Shoulder-blade
3. Femur	c. Arm-bone
4. Tibia	d. Cranium
5. Patella	e. Fore-arm bones
6. Sternum	f. Gullet
7. Clavicle	g. Breastbone
8. Scapula	h. Knee-cap
9. Humerus	i. Thigh-bone
10. Radius & ulna	j. Collar-bone
11. Esophagus	k. Shin-bone
12. Pharynx

4. Give English equivalents of the following words and expressions

Череп, челюсть, сустав, позвонок, позвоночник, таз, бедро, колено, лодыжка, ребро, грудная клетка, грудина, ключица, лопатка, локоть, брюшная полость, ткань, кишечник, сердце, кровеносный сосуд, пищевод, горло (гортань), дыхательное горло, желудок, поджелудочная железа, печень, селезенка, желчный пузырь, почка, мышца, кожа, железа, легкое.